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Lays of Ancient Rome

Thomas Babbington Macaulay

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Lays of Ancient Rome

by Thomas Babbington Macaulay

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Lays of Ancient Rome

By Thomas Babbington Macaulay

Preface

Horatius

The Lay

The Battle of the Lake Regillus

The Lay

Virginia

The Lay

The Prophecy of Capys

The Lay

That what is called the history of the Kings and early Consuls of

Rome is to a great extent fabulous, few scholars have, since the

time of Beaufort, ventured to deny. It is certain that, more than

three hundred and sixty years after the date ordinarily assigned

for the foundation of the city, the public records were, with

scarcely an exception, destroyed by the Gauls. It is certain that

the oldest annals of the commonwealth were compiled more than a

century and a half after this destruction of the records. It is

certain, therefore, that the great Latin writers of the Augustan

age did not possess those materials, without which a trustworthy

account of the infancy of the republic could not possibly be

framed. Those writers own, indeed, that the chronicles to which

they had access were filled with battles that were never fought,

and Consuls that were never inaugurated; and we have abundant

proof that, in these chronicles, events of the greatest

importance, such as the issue of the war with Porsena and the

issue of the war with Brennus, were grossly misrepresented. Under

these circumstances a wise man will look with great suspicion on

the legend which has come down to us. He will perhaps be inclined

to regard the princes who are said to have founded the civil and

religious institutions of Rome, the sons of Mars, and the husband

of Egeria, as mere mythological personages, of the same class

with Perseus and Ixion. As he draws nearer to the confines of

authentic history, he will become less and less hard of belief.

He will admit that the most important parts of the narrative have

some foundation in truth. But he will distrust almost all the

details, not only because they seldom rest on any solid evidence,

but also because he will constantly detect in them, even when

they are within the limits of physical possibility, that peculiar

character, more easily understood than defined, which

distinguishes the creations of the imagination from the realities

of the world in which we live.

The early history of Rome is indeed far more poetical than

anything else in Latin literature. The loves of the Vestal and

the God of War, the cradle laid among the reeds of Tiber, the

fig-tree, the she-wolf, the shepherd's cabin, the recognition,

the fratricide, the rape of the Sabines, the death of Tarpeia,

the fall of Hostus Hostilius, the struggle of Mettus Curtius

through the marsh, the women rushing with torn raiment and

dishevelled hair between their fathers and their husbands, the

nightly meetings of Numa and the Nymph by the well in the sacred

grove, the fight of the three Romans and the three Albans, the

purchase of the Sibylline books, the crime of Tullia, the

simulated madness of Brutus, the ambiguous reply of the Delphian

oracle to the Tarquins, the wrongs of Lucretia, the heroic

actions of Horatius Cocles, of Scaevola, and of Cloelia, the

battle of Regillus won by the aid of Castor and Pollux, the

defense of Cremera, the touching story of Coriolanus, the still

more touching story of Virginia, the wild legend about the

draining of the Alban lake, the combat between Valerius Corvus

and the gigantic Gaul, are among the many instances which will at

once suggest themselves to every reader.

In the narrative of Livy, who was a man of fine imagination,

these stories retain much of their genuine character. Nor could

even the tasteless Dionysius distort and mutilate them into mere

prose. The poetry shines, in spite of him, through the dreary

pedantry of his eleven books. It is discernible in the most

tedious and in the most superficial modern works on the early

times of Rome. It enlivens the dulness of the Universal History,

and gives a charm to the most meagre abridgements of Goldsmith.

Even in the age of Plutarch there were discerning men who

rejected the popular account of the foundation of Rome, because

that account appeared to them to have the air, not of a history,

but of a romance or a drama. Plutarch, who was displeased at

their incredulity, had nothing better to say in reply to their

arguments than that chance sometimes turns poet, and produces

trains of events not to be distinguished from the most elaborate

plots which are constructed by art. But though the existence of a

poetical element in the early history of the Great City was

detected so many ages ago, the first critic who distinctly saw

from what source that poetical element had been derived was James

Perizonius, one of the most acute and learned antiquaries of the

seventeenth century. His theory, which in his own days attracted

little or no notice, was revived in the present generation by

Niebuhr, a man who would have been the first writer of his time,

if his talent for communicating truths had borne any proportion

to his talent for investigating them. That theory has been

adopted by several eminent scholars of our own country,

particularly by the Bishop of St. David's, by Professor Malde,

and by the lamented Arnold. It appears to be now generally

received by men conversant with classical antiquity; and indeed

it rests on such strong proofs, both internal and external, that

it will not be easily subverted. A popular exposition of this

theory, and of the evidence by which it is supported, may not be

without interest even for readers who are unacquainted with the

ancient languages.

The Latin literature which has come down to us is of later date

than the commencement of the Second Punic War, and consists

almost exclusively of works fashioned on Greek models. The Latin

metres, heroic, elegiac, lyric, and dramatic, are of Greek

origin. The best Latin epic poetry is the feeble echo of the

Iliad and Odyssey. The best Latin eclogues are imitations of

Theocritus. The plan of the most finished didactic poem in the

Latin tongue was taken from Hesiod. The Latin tragedies are bad

copies of the masterpieces of Sophocles and Euripides. The Latin

philosophy was borrowed, without alteration, from the Portico and

the Academy; and the great Latin orators constantly proposed to

themselves as patterns the speeches of Demosthenes and Lysias.

But there was an earlier Latin literature, a literature truly

Latin, which has wholly perished, which had, indeed almost wholly

perished long before those whom we are in the habit of regarding

as the greatest Latin writers were born. That literature abounded

with metrical romances, such as are found in every country where

there is much curiosity and intelligence, but little reading and

writing. All human beings, not utterly savage, long for some

information about past times, and are delighted by narratives

which present pictures to the eye of the mind. But it is only in

very enlightened communities that books are readily accessible.

Metrical composition, therefore, which, in a highly civilized

nation, is a mere luxury, is, in nations imperfectly civilized,

almost a necessary of life, and is valued less on account of the

pleasure which it gives to the ear, than on account of the help

which it gives to the memory. A man who can invent or embellish

an interesting story, and put it into a form which others may

easily retain in their recollection, will always be highly

esteemed by a people eager for amusement and information, but

destitute of libraries. Such is the origin of ballad-poetry, a

species of composition which scarcely ever fails to spring up and

flourish in every society, at a certain point in the progress

towards refinement. Tacitus informs us that songs were the only

memorials of the past which the ancient Germans possessed. We

learn from Lucan and from Ammianus Marcellinus that the brave

actions of the ancient Gauls were commemorated in the verses of

Bards. During many ages, and through many revolution, minstrelsy

retained its influence over both the Teutonic and the Celtic

race. The vengeance exacted by the spouse of Attila for the

murder of Siegfried was celebrated in rhymes, of which Germany is

still justly proud. The exploits of Athelstane were commemorated

by the Anglo-Saxons and those of Canute by the Danes, in rude

poems, of which a few fragments have come down to us. The chants

of the Welsh harpers preserved, through ages of darkness, a faint

and doubtful memory of Arthur. In the Highlands of Scotland may

still be gleaned some relics of the old songs about Cuthullin and

Fingal. The long struggle of the Servians against the Ottoman

power was recorded in lays full of martial spirit. We learn from

Herrera that, when a Peruvian Inca died, men of skill were

appointed to celebrate him in verses, which all the people

learned by heart, and sang in public on days of festival. The

feats of Kurroglou, the great freebooter of Turkistan, recounted

in ballads composed by himself, are known in every village of

northern Persia. Captain Beechey heard the bards of the Sandwich

Islands recite the heroic achievements of Tamehameha, the most

illustrious of their kings. Mungo Park found in the heart of

Africa a class of singing men, the only annalists of their rude

tribes, and heard them tell the story of the victory which Damel,

the negro prince of the Jaloffs, won over Abdulkader, the

Mussulman tyrant of Foota Torra. This species of poetry attained

a high degree of excellence among the Castilians, before they

began to copy Tuscan patterns. It attained a still higher degree

of excellence among the English and the Lowland Scotch, during

the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. But it

reached its full perfection in ancient Greece; for there can be

no doubt that the great Homeric poems are generically ballads,

though widely distinguished from all other ballads, and indeed

from almost all other human composition, by transcendent

sublimity and beauty.

As it is agreeable to general experience that, at a certain stage

in the progress of society, ballad-poetry should flourish, so is

it also agreeable to general experience that, at a subsequent

stage in the progress of society, ballad-poetry should be

undervalued and neglected. Knowledge advances; manners change;

great foreign models of composition are studied and imitated. The

phraseology of the old minstrels becomes obsolete. Their

versification, which, having received its laws only from the ear,

abounds in irregularities, seems licentious and uncouth. Their

simplicity appears beggarly when compared with the quaint forms

and gaudy coloring of such artists as Cowley and Gongora. The

ancient lays, unjustly despised by the learned and polite, linger

for a time in the memory of the vulgar, and are at length too

often irretrievably lost. We cannot wonder that the ballads of

Rome should have altogether disappeared, when we remember how

very narrowly, in spite of the invention of printing, those of

our own country and those of Spain escaped the same fate. There

is indeed little doubt that oblivion covers many English songs

equal to any that were published by Bishop Percy, and many

Spanish songs as good as the best of those which have been so

happily translated by Mr. Lockhart. Eighty years ago England

possessed only one tattered copy of Childe Waters and Sir

Cauline, and Spain only one tattered copy of the noble poem of

the Cid. The snuff of a candle, or a mischievous dog, might in a

moment have deprived the world forever of any of those fine

compositions. Sir Walter Scott, who united to the fire of a great

poet the minute curiosity and patient diligence of a great

antiquary, was but just in time to save the precious relics of

the Minstrelsy of the Border. In Germany, the lay of the

Nibelungs had been long utterly forgotten, when, in the

eighteenth century, it was, for the first time, printed from a

manuscript in the old library of a noble family. In truth, the

only people who, through their whole passage from simplicity to

the highest civilization, never for a moment ceased to love and

admire their old ballads, were the Greeks.

That the early Romans should have had ballad-poetry, and that

this poetry should have perished, is therefore not strange. It

would, on the contrary, have been strange if these things had not

come to pass; and we should be justified in pronouncing them

highly probable even if we had no direct evidence on the subject.

But we have direct evidence of unquestionable authority.

Ennius, who flourished in the time of the Second Punic War, was

regarded in the Augustan age as the father of Latin poetry. He

was, in truth, the father of the second school of Latin poetry,

the only school of which the works have descended to us. But from

Ennius himself we learn that there were poets who stood to him in

the same relation in which the author of the romance of Count

Alarcos stood to Garcilaso, or the author of the Lytell Geste of

Robyn Hode to Lord Surrey. Ennius speaks of verses which the

Fauns and the Bards were wont to chant in the old time, when none

had yet studied the graces of speech, when none had yet climbed

the peaks sacred to the Goddesses of Grecian song. ``Where,''

Cicero mournfully asks, ``are those old verses now?''

Contemporary with Ennius was Quintus Fabius Pactor, the earliest

of the Roman annalists. His account of the infancy and youth of

Romulus and Remus has been preserved by Dionysius, and contains a

very remarkable reference to the ancient Latin poetry. Fabius

says that, in his time, his countrymen were still in the habit of

singing ballads about the Twins. ``Even in the hut of

Faustulus,''--so these old lays appear to have run,--``the

children of Rhea and Mars were, in port and in spirit, not like

unto swineherds or cowherds, but such that men might well guess

them to be of the blood of kings and gods.''

Cato the Censor, who also lived in the days of he Second Punic

War, mentioned this lost literature in his lost work on the

antiquities of his country. Many ages, he said, before his time,

there were ballads in praise of illustrious men; and these

ballads it was the fashion for the guests at banquets to sing in

turn while the piper played. ``Would,'' exclaims Cicero, ``that

we still had the old ballads of which Cato speaks!''

Valerius Maximus gives us exactly similar information, without

mentioning his authority, and observes that the ancient Roman

ballads were probably of more benefit to the young than all the

lectures of the Athenian schools, and that to the influence of

the national poetry were to be ascribed the virtues of such men

as Camillus and Fabricus.

Varro, whose authority on all questions connected with the

antiquities of his country is entitled to the greatest respect,

tells us that at banquets it was once the fashion for boys to

sing, sometimes with and sometimes without instrumental music,

ancient ballads in praise of men of former times. These young

performers, he observes, were of unblemished character, a

circumstance which he probably mentioned because, among the

Greeks, and indeed, in his time among the Romans also, the morals

of singing boys were in no high repute.

The testimony of Horace, though given incidentally, confirms the

statements of Cato, Valerius Maximus, and Varro. The poet

predicts that, under the peaceful administration of Augustus, the

Romans will, over their full goblets, sing to the pipe, after the

fashion of their fathers, the deeds of brave captains, and the

ancient legends touching the origin of the city.

The proposition, then, that Rome had ballad-poetry is not merely

in itself highly probable, but is fully proved by direct evidence

of the greatest weight.

This proposition being established, it becomes easy to understand

why the early history of the city is unlike almost everything

else in Latin literature, native where almost everything else is

borrowed, imaginative where almost everything else is prosaic. We

can scarcely hesitate to pronounce that the magnificent,

pathetic, and truly national legends, which present so striking a

contrast to all that surrounds them, are broken and defaced

fragments of that early poetry which, even in the age of Cato the

Censor, had become antiquated, and of which Tully had never heard

a line.

That this poetry should have been suffered to perish will not

appear strange when we consider how complete was the triumph of

the Greek genius over the public mind of Italy. It is probable

that, at an early period, Homer and Herodotus furnished some

hints to the Latin Minstrels; but it was not till after the war

with Pyrrhus that the poetry of Rome began to put off its old

Ausonian character. The transformation was soon consummated. The

conquered, says Horace, led captive the conquerors. It was

precisely at the time at which the Roman people rose to

unrivalled political ascendency that they stooped to pass under

the intellectual yoke. It was precisely at the time at which the

sceptre departed from Greece that the empire of her language and

of her arts became universal and despotic. The revolution indeed

was not effected without a struggle. Naevius seems to have been

the last of the ancient line of poets. Ennius was the founder of

a new dynasty. Naevius celebrated the First Punic War in

Saturnian verse, the old national verse of Italy. Ennius sang the

Second Punic War in numbers borrowed from the Iliad. The elder

poet, in the epitaph which he wrote for himself, and which is a

fine specimen of the early Roman diction and versification,

plaintively boasted that the Latin language had died with him.

Thus what to Horace appeared to be the first faint dawn of Roman

literature appeared to Naevius to be its hopeless setting. In

truth, one literature was setting, and another dawning.

The victory of the foreign taste was decisive; and indeed we can

hardly blame the Romans for turning away with contempt from the

rude lays which had delighted their fathers, and giving their

whole admiration to the immortal productions of Greece. The

national romances, neglected by the great and the refined whose

education had been finished at Rhodes or Athens, continued, it

may be supposed, during some generations to delight the vulgar.

While Virgil, in hexameters of exquisite modulation, described

the sports of rustics, those rustics were still singing their

wild Saturnian ballads. It is not improbable that, at the time

when Cicero lamented the irreparable loss of the poems mentioned

by Cato, a search among the nooks of the Appenines, as active as

the search which Sir Walter Scott made among the descendents of

the mosstroopers of Liddesdale, might have brought to light many

fine remains of ancient minstrelsy. No such search was made. The

Latin ballads perished forever. Yet discerning critics have

thought that they could still perceive in the early history of

Rome numerous fragments of this lost poetry, as the traveller on

classic ground sometimes finds, built into the heavy wall of a

fort or convent, a pillar rich with acanthus leaves, or a frieze

where the Amazons and Bacchanals seem to live. The theatres and

temples of the Greek and the Roman were degraded into the

quarries of the Turk and the Goth. Even so did the ancient

Saturnian poetry become the quarry in which a crowd of orators

and annalists found the materials for their prose.

It is not difficult to trace the process by which the old songs

were transmuted into the form which they now wear. Funeral

panegyric and chronicle appear to have been the intermediate

links which connected the lost ballads with the histories now

extant. From a very early period it was the usage that an oration

should be pronounced over the remains of a noble Roman. The

orator, as we learn from Polybius, was expected, on such

occasions, to recapitulate all the services which the ancestors

of the deceased had, from the earliest time, rendered to the

commonwealth. There can be little doubt that the speaker on whom

this duty was imposed would make use of all the stories suited to

his purpose which were to be found in the popular lays. There can

be as little doubt that the family of an eminent man would

preserve a copy of the speech which had been pronounced over his

corpse. The compilers of the early chronicles would have recourse

to these speeches; and the great historians of a later period

would have recourse to the chronicles.

It may be worth while to select a particular story, and to trace

its probable progress through these stages. The description of

the migration of the Fabian house to Cremera is one of the finest

of the many fine passages which lie thick in the earlier books of

Livy. The Consul, clad in his military garb, stands in the

vestibule of his house, marshalling his clan, three hundred and

six fighting men, all of the same proud patrician blood, all

worthy to be attended by the fasces, and to command the legions.

A sad and anxious retinue of friends accompanies the adventurers

through the streets; but the voice of lamentation is drowned by

the shouts of admiring thousands. As the procession passes the

Capitol, prayers and vows are poured forth, but in vain. The

devoted band, leaving Janus on the right, marches to its doom,

through the Gate of Evil Luck. After achieving high deeds of

valor against overwhelming numbers, all perish save one child,

the stock from which the great Fabian race was destined again to

spring, for the safety and glory of the commonwealth. That this

fine romance, the details of which are so full of poetical truth,

and so utterly destitute of all show of historical truth, came

originally from some lay which had often been sung with great

applause at banquets is in the highest degree probable. Nor is it

difficult to imagine a mode in which the transmission might have

taken place. The celebrated Quintus Fabius Maximus, who died

about twenty years before the First Punic War, and more than

forty years before Ennius was born, is said to have been interred

with extraordinary pomp. In the eulogy pronounced over his body

all the great exploits of his ancestors were doubtless recounted

and exaggerated. If there were then extant songs which gave a

vivid and touching description of an event, the saddest and the

most glorious in the long history of the Fabian house, nothing

could be more natural than that the panegyrist should borrow from

such songs their finest touches, in order to adorn his speech. A

few generations later the songs would perhaps be forgotten, or

remembered only by shepherds and vinedressers. But the speech

would certainly be preserved in the archives of the Fabian

nobles. Fabius Pictor would be well acquainted with a document so

interesting to his personal feelings, and would insert large

extracts from it in his rude chronicle. That chronicle, as we

know, was the oldest to which Livy had access. Livy would at a

glance distinguish the bold strokes of the forgotten poet from

the dull and feeble narrative by which they were surrounded,

would retouch them with a delicate and powerful pencil, and would

make them immortal.

That this might happen at Rome can scarcely be doubted; for

something very like this has happened in several countries, and,

among others, in our own. Perhaps the theory of Perizonius cannot

be better illustrated than by showing that what he supposes to

have taken place in ancient times has, beyond all doubt, taken

place in modern times.

``History,'' says Hume with the utmost gravity, ``has preserved

some instances of Edgar's amours, from which, as from a specimen,

we may form a conjecture of the rest.'' He then tells very

agreeably the stories of Elfleda and Elfrida, two stories which

have a most suspicious air of romance, ad which, indeed, greatly

resemble, in their character, some of the legends of early Rome.

He cites, as his authority for these two tales, the chronicle of

William of Malmesbury, who lived in the time of King Stephen. The

great majority of readers suppose that the device by which

Elfleda was substituted for her young mistress, the artifice by

which Athelwold obtained the hand of Elfrida, the detection of

that artifice, the hunting party, and the vengeance of the

amorous king, are things about which there is no more doubt than

about the execution of Anne Boleyn, or the slitting of Sir John

Coventry's nose. But when we turn to William of Malmesbury, we

find that Hume, in his eagerness to relate these pleasant fables,

has overlooked one very important circumstance. William does

indeed tell both the stories; but he gives us distinct notice

that he does not warrant their truth, and that they rest on no

better authority than that of ballads.

Such is the way in which these two well-known tales have been

handed down. They originally appeared in a poetical form. They

found their way from ballads into an old chronicle. The ballads

perished; the chronicle remained. A great historian, some

centuries after the ballads had been altogether forgotten,

consulted the chronicle. He was struck by the lively coloring of

these ancient fictions: he transferred them to his pages; and

thus we find inserted, as unquestionable facts, in a narrative

which is likely to last as long as the English tongue, the

inventions of some minstrel whose works were probably never

committed to writing, whose name is buried in oblivion, and whose

dialect has become obsolete. It must, then, be admitted to be

possible, or rather highly probable, that the stories of Romulus

and Remus, and of the Horatii and Curiatti, may have had a

similar origin.

Castilian literature will furnish us with another parallel case.

Mariana, the classical historian of Spain, tells the story of the

ill-starred marriage which the King Don Alonso brought about

between the heirs of Carrion and the two daughters of the Cid.

The Cid bestowed a princely dower on the sons-in-law. But the

young men were base and proud, cowardly and cruel. They were

tried in danger, and found wanting. They fled before the Moors,

and once, when a lion broke out of his den, they ran and crouched

in an unseemly hiding-place. They knew that they were despised,

and took counsel how they might be avenged. They parted from

their father-in-law with many signs of love, and set forth on a

journey with Do a Elvira and Do a Sol. In a solitary place the? ?

bridegrooms seized their brides, stripped them, scourged them,

and departed, leaving them for dead. But one of the House of

Bivar, suspecting foul play, had followed the travellers in

disguise. The ladies were brought back safe to the house of their

father. Complaint was made to the king. It was adjudged by the

Cortes that the dower given by the Cid should be returned, and

that the heirs of Carrion together with one of their kindred

should do battle against three knights of the party of the Cid.

The guilty youths would have declined the combat; but all their

shifts were in vain. They were vanquished in the lists, and

forever disgraced, while their injured wives were sought in

marriage by great princes.

Some Spanish writers have labored to show, by an examination of

dates and circumstances, that this story is untrue. Such

confutation was surely not needed; for the narrative is on the

face of it a romance. How it found its way into Mariana's history

is quite clear. He acknowledges his obligations to the ancient

chronicles; and had doubtless before him the Cronica del famoso

Cavallero Cid Ruy Diez Campeador, which had been printed as early

as the year 1552. He little suspected that all the most striking

passages in this chronicle were copied from a poem of the twelfth

century,--a poem of which the language and versification had long

been obsolete, but which glowed with no common portion of the

fire of the Iliad. Yet such is the fact. More than a century and

a half after the death of Mariana, this venerable ballad, of

which one imperfect copy on parchment, four hundred years old,

had been preserved at Bivar, was for the first time printed. Then

it was found that every interesting circumstance of the story of

the heirs of Carrion was derived by the eloquent Jesuit from a

song of which he had never heard, and which was composed by a

minstrel whose very name had been long forgotten.

Such, or nearly such, appears to have been the process by which

the lost ballad-poetry of Rome was transformed into history. To

reverse that process, to transform some portions of early Roman

history back into the poetry out of which they were made, is the

object of this work.

In the following poems the author speaks, not in his own person,

but in the persons of ancient minstrels who know only what Roman

citizen, born three or four hundred years before the Christian

era, may be supposed to have known, and who are in no wise above

the passions and prejudices of their age and nation. To these

imaginary poets must be ascribed some blunders which are so

obvious that is unnecessary to point them out. The real blunder

would have been to represent these old poets as deeply versed in

general history, and studious of chronological accuracy. To them

must also be attributed the illiberal sneers at the Greeks, the

furious party spirit, the contempt for the arts of peace, the

love of war for its own sake, the ungenerous exultation over the

vanquished, which the reader will sometimes observe. To portray a

Roman of the age of Camillus or Curius as superior to national

antipathies, as mourning over the devastation and slaughter by

which empire and triumphs were to be won, as looking on human

suffering with the sympathy of Howard, or as treating conquered

enemies with the delicacy of the Black Prince, would be to

violate all dramatic propriety. The old Romans had some great

virtues, fortitude, temperance, veracity, spirit to resist

oppression, respect for legitimate authority, fidelity in the

observing of contracts, disinterestedness, ardent patriotism; but

Christian charity and chivalrous generosity were alike unknown to

them.

It would have been obviously improper to mimic the manner of any

particular age or country. Something has been borrowed, however,

from our own old ballads, and more from Sir Walter Scott, the

great restorer of our ballad-poetry. To the Iliad still greater

obligations are due; and those obligations have been contracted

with the less hesitation, because there is reason to believe that

some of the old Latin minstrels really had recourse to that

inexhaustible store of poetical images.

It would have been easy to swell this little volume to a very

considerable bulk, by appending notes filled with quotations; but

to a learned reader such notes are not necessary; for an

unlearned reader they would have little interest; and the

judgment passed both by the learned and by the unlearned on a

work of the imagination will always depend much more on the

general character and spirit of such a work than on minute

details.

Horatius

There can be little doubt that among those parts of early Roman

history which had a poetical origin was the legend of Horatius

Cocles. We have several versions of the story, and these versions

differ from each other in points of no small importance.

Polybius, there is reason to believe, heard the tale recited over

the remains of some Consul or Pr tor descended from the old?

Horatian patricians; for he introduces it as a specimen of the

narratives with which the Romans were in the habit of

embellishing their funeral oratory. It is remarkable that,

according to him, Horatius defended the bridge alone, and

perished in the waters. According to the chronicles which Livy

and Dionysius followed, Horatius had two companions, swam safe to

shore, and was loaded with honors and rewards.

These discrepancies are easily explained. Our own literature,

indeed, will furnish an exact parallel to what may have taken

place at Rome. It is highly probably that the memory of the war

of Porsena was preserved by compositions much resembling the two

ballads which stand first in the Relics of Ancient English

Poetry. In both those ballads the English, commanded by the

Percy, fight with the Scots, commanded by the Douglas. In one of

the ballads the Douglas is killed by a nameless English archer,

and the Percy by a Scottish spearman; in the other, the Percy

slays the Douglas in single combat, and is himself made prisoner.

In the former, Sir Hugh Montgomery is shot through the heart by a

Northumbrian bowman; in the latter he is taken and exchanged for

the Percy. Yet both the ballads relate to the same event, and

that event which probably took place within the memory of persons

who were alive when both the ballads were made. One of the

Minstrels says:--

``Old men that knowen the grounde well yenoughe

Call it the battell of Otterburn:

At Otterburn began this spurne

Upon a monnyn day.

Ther was the dougghte Doglas slean:

The Perse never went away.''

The other poet sums up the event in the following lines:

``Thys fraye bygan at Otterborne

Bytwene the nyghte and the day:

Ther the Doglas lost hys lyfe,

And the Percy was lede away.''

It is by no means unlikely that there were two old Roman lays

about the defence of the bridge; and that, while the story which

Livy has transmitted to us was preferred by the multitude, the

other, which ascribed the whole glory to Horatius alone, may have

been the favorite with the Horatian house.

The following ballad is supposed to have been made about a

hundred and twenty years after the war which it celebrates, and

just before the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The author seems to

have been an honest citizen, proud of the military glory of his

country, sick of the disputes of factions, and much given to

pining after good old times which had never really existed. The

allusion, however, to the partial manner in which the public

lands were allotted could proceed only from a plebeian; and the

allusion to the fraudulent sale of spoils marks the date of the

poem, and shows that the poet shared in the general discontent

with which the proceedings of Camullus, after the taking of Veii,

were regarded.

The penultimate syllable of the name Porsena has been shortened

in spite of the authority of Niebuhr, who pronounces, without

assigning any ground for his opinion, that Martial was guilty of

a decided blunder in the line,

``Hanc spectare manum Porsena non potuit.''

It is not easy to understand how any modern scholar, whatever his

attainments may be,--and those of Niebuhr were undoubtedly

immense,--can venture to pronounce that Martial did not know the

quantity of a word which he must have uttered, and heard uttered,

a hundred times before he left school. Niebuhr seems also to have

forgotten that Martial has fellow culprits to keep him in

countenance. Horace has committed the same decided blunder; for

he give us, as a pure iambic line,--

``Minacis aut Etrusca Porsen dextram;''?

Silius Italicus has repeatedly offended in the same way, as when

he ways,-- ``Clusinum vulgus, cum, Porsena magne, jubebas.'' A

modern writer may be content to err in such company.

Niebuhr's supposition that each of the three defenders of the

bridge was the representative of one of the three patrician

tribes is both ingenious and probable, and has been adopted in

the following poem.

Horatius

A Lay Made About the Year Of The City CCCLX

Lars Porsena of Closium

By the Nine Gods he swore

That the great house of Tarquin

Should suffer wrong no more.

By the Nine Gods he swore it,

And named a trysting day,

And bade his messengers ride forth,

East and west and south and north,

To summon his array.

East and west and south and north

The messengers ride fast,

And tower and town and cottage

Have heard the trumpet's blast.

Shame on the false Etruscan

Who lingers in his home,

When Porsena of Clusium

Is on the march for Rome.

III

The horsemen and the footmen

Are pouring in amain

From many a stately market-place,

From many a fruitful plain,

From many a lonely hamlet,

Which, hid by beech and pine,

Like an eagle's nest, hangs on the crest

Of purple Apennine;

From lordly Volaterr ,?

Where scowls the far-famed hold

Piled by the hands of giants

For godlike kings of old;

From seagirt Populonia,

Whose sentinels descry

Sardinia's snowy mountain-tops

Fringing the southern sky;

From the proud mart of Pis ,?

Queen of the western waves,

Where ride Massilia's triremes

Heavy with fair-haired slaves;

From where sweet Clanis wanders

Through corn and vines and flowers;

From where Cortona lifts to heaven

Her diadem of towers.

Tall are the oaks whose acorns

Drop in dark Auser's rill;

Fat are the stags that champ the boughs

Of the Ciminian hill;

Beyond all streams Clitumnus

Is to the herdsman dear;

Best of all pools the fowler loves

The great Volsinian mere.

VII

But now no stroke of woodman

Is heard by Auser's rill;

No hunter tracks the stag's green path

Up the Ciminian hill;

Unwatched along Clitumnus

Grazes the milk-white steer;

Unharmed the water fowl may dip

In the Volsminian mere.

VIII

The harvests of Arretium,

This year, old men shall reap;

This year, young boys in Umbro

Shall plunge the struggling sheep;

And in the vats of Luna,

This year, the must shall foam

Round the white feet of laughing girls

Whose sires have marched to Rome.

There be thirty chosen prophets,

The wisest of the land,

Who alway by Lars Porsena

Both morn and evening stand:

Evening and morn the Thirty

Have turned the verses o'er,

Traced from the right on linen white

By mighty seers of yore.

And with one voice the Thirty

Have their glad answer given:

``Go forth, go forth, Lars Porsena;

Go forth, beloved of Heaven;

Go, and return in glory

To Clusium's royal dome;

And hang round Nurscia's altars

The golden shields of Rome.''

And now hath every city

Sent up her tale of men;

The foot are fourscore thousand,

The horse are thousands ten.

Before the gates of Sutrium

Is met the great array.

A proud man was Lars Porsena

Upon the trysting day.

XII

For all the Etruscan armies

Were ranged beneath his eye,

And many a banished Roman,

And many a stout ally;

And with a mighty following

To join the muster came

The Tusculan Mamilius,

Prince of the Latian name.

XIII

But by the yellow Tiber

Was tumult and affright:

From all the spacious champaign

To Rome men took their flight.

A mile around the city,

The throng stopped up the ways;

A fearful sight it was to see

Through two long nights and days.

XIV

For aged folks on crutches,

And women great with child,

And mothers sobbing over babes

That clung to them and smiled,

And sick men borne in litters

High on the necks of slaves,

And troops of sun-burned husbandmen

With reaping-hooks and staves,

And droves of mules and asses

Laden with skins of wine,

And endless flocks of goats and sheep,

And endless herds of kine,

And endless trains of wagons

That creaked beneath the weight

Of corn-sacks and of household goods,

Choked every roaring gate.

XVI

Now, from the rock Tarpeian,

Could the wan burghers spy

The line of blazing villages

Red in the midnight sky.

The Fathers of the City,

They sat all night and day,

For every hour some horseman come

With tidings of dismay.

XVII

To eastward and to westward

Have spread the Tuscan bands;

Nor house, nor fence, nor dovecote

In Crustumerium stands.

Verbenna down to Ostia

Hath wasted all the plain;

Astur hath stormed Janiculum,

And the stout guards are slain.

XVIII

I wis, in all the Senate,

There was no heart so bold,

But sore it ached, and fast it beat,

When that ill news was told.

Forthwith up rose the Consul,

Up rose the Fathers all;

In haste they girded up their gowns,

And hied them to the wall.

XIX

They held a council standing,

Before the River-Gate;

Short time was there, ye well may guess,

For musing or debate.

Out spake the Consul roundly:

``The bridge must straight go down;

For, since Janiculum is lost,

Nought else can save the town.''

Just then a scout came flying,

All wild with haste and fear:

``To arms! to arms! Sir Consul:

Lars Porsena is here.''

On the low hills to westward

The Consol fixed his eye,

And saw the swarthy storm of dust

Rise fast along the sky.

XXI

And nearer fast and nearer

Doth the red whirlwind come;

And louder still and still more loud,

From underneath that rolling cloud,

Is heard the trumpet's war-note proud,

The trampling, and the hum.

And plainly and more plainly

Now through the gloom appears,

Far to left and far to right,

In broken gleams of dark-blue light,

The long array of helmets bright,

The long array of spears.

XXII

And plainly and more plainly,

Above that glimmering line,

Now might ye see the banners

Of twelve fair cities shine;

But the banner of proud Clusium

Was highest of them all,

The terror of the Umbrian,

The terror of the Gaul.

XXIII

And plainly and more plainly

Now might the burghers know,

By port and vest, by horse and crest,

Each warlike Lucumo.

There Cilnius of Arretium

On his fleet roan was seen;

And Astur of the four-fold shield,

Girt with the brand none else may wield,

Tolumnius with the belt of gold,

And dark Verbenna from the hold

By reedy Thrasymene.

XXIV

Fast by the royal standard,

O'erlooking all the war,

Lars Porsena of Clusium

Sat in his ivory car.

By the right wheel rode Mamilius,

Prince of the Latian name;

And by the left false Sextus,

That wrought the deed of shame.

XXV

But when the face of Sextus

Was seen among the foes,

A yell that rent the firmament

From all the town arose.

On the house-tops was no woman

But spat towards him and hissed,

No child but screamed out curses,

And shook its little fist.

XXVI

But the Consul's brow was sad,

And the Consul's speech was low,

And darkly looked he at the wall,

And darkly at the foe.

``Their van will be upon us

Before the bridge goes down;

And if they once may win the bridge,

What hope to save the town?''

XXVII

Then out spake brave Horatius,

The Captain of the Gate:

``To every man upon this earth

Death cometh soon or late.

And how can man die better

Than facing fearful odds,

For the ashes of his fathers,

And the temples of his gods,

XXVIII

``And for the tender mother

Who dandled him to rest,

And for the wife who nurses

His baby at her breast,

And for the holy maidens

Who feed the eternal flame,

To save them from false Sextus

That wrought the deed of shame?

XXIX

``Haul down the bridge, Sir Consul,

With all the speed ye may;

I, with two more to help me,

Will hold the foe in play.

In yon strait path a thousand

May well be stopped by three.

Now who will stand on either hand,

And keep the bridge with me?''

XXX

Then out spake Spurius Lartius;

A Ramnian proud was he:

``Lo, I will stand at thy right hand,

And keep the bridge with thee.''

And out spake strong Herminius;

Of Titian blood was he:

``I will abide on thy left side,

And keep the bridge with thee.''

XXXI

``Horatius,'' quoth the Consul,

``As thou sayest, so let it be.''

And straight against that great array

Forth went the dauntless Three.

For Romans in Rome's quarrel

Spared neither land nor gold,

Nor son nor wife, nor limb nor life,

In the brave days of old.

XXXII

Then none was for a party;

Then all were for the state;

Then the great man helped the poor,

And the poor man loved the great:

Then lands were fairly portioned;

Then spoils were fairly sold:

The Romans were like brothers

In the brave days of old.

XXXIII

Now Roman is to Roman

More hateful than a foe,

And the Tribunes beard the high,

And the Fathers grind the low.

As we wax hot in faction,

In battle we wax cold:

Wherefore men fight not as they fought

In the brave days of old.

XXXIV

Now while the Three were tightening

Their harness on their backs,

The Consul was the foremost man

To take in hand an axe:

And Fathers mixed with Commons

Seized hatchet, bar, and crow,

And smote upon the planks above,

And loosed the props below.

XXXV

Meanwhile the Tuscan army,

Right glorious to behold,

Come flashing back the noonday light,

Rank behind rank, like surges bright

Of a broad sea of gold.

Four hundred trumpets sounded

A peal of warlike glee,

As that great host, with measured tread,

And spears advanced, and ensigns spread,

Rolled slowly towards the bridge's head,

Where stood the dauntless Three.

XXXVI

The Three stood calm and silent,

And looked upon the foes,

And a great shout of laughter

From all the vanguard rose:

And forth three chiefs came spurring

Before that deep array;

To earth they sprang, their swords they drew,

And lifted high their shields, and flew

To win the narrrow way;

XXXVII

Aunus from green Tifernum,

Lord of the Hill of Vines;

And Seius, whose eight hundred slaves

Sicken in Ilva's mines;

And Picus, long to Clusium

Vassal in peace and war,

Who led to fight his Umbrian powers

From that gray crag where, girt with towers,

The fortress of Nequinum lowers

O'er the pale waves of Nar.

XXXVIII

Stout Lartius hurled down Aunus

Into the stream beneath;

Herminius struck at Seius,

And clove him to the teeth;

At Picus brave Horatius

Darted one fiery thrust;

And the proud Umbrian's gilded arms

Clashed in the bloody dust.

XXXIX

Then Ocnus of Falerii

Rushed on the Roman Three;

And Lausulus of Urgo,

The rover of the sea;

And Aruns of Volsinium,

Who slew the great wild boar,

The great wild boar that had his den

Amidst the reeds of Cosa's fen,

And wasted fields, and slaughtered men,

Along Albinia's shore.

Herminius smote down Aruns:

Lartius laid Ocnus low:

Right to the heart of Lausulus

Horatius sent a blow.

``Lie there,'' he cried, ``fell pirate!

No more, aghast and pale,

From Ostia's walls the crowd shall mark

The track of thy destroying bark.

No more Campania's hinds shall fly

To woods and caverns when they spy

Thy thrice accursed sail.''

XLI

But now no sound of laughter

Was heard among the foes.

A wild and wrathful clamor

From all the vanguard rose.

Six spears' lengths from the entrance

Halted that deep array,

And for a space no man came forth

To win the narrow way.

XLII

But hark! the cry is Astur:

And lo! the ranks divide;

And the great Lord of Luna

Comes with his stately stride.

Upon his ample shoulders

Clangs loud the four-fold shield,

And in his hand he shakes the brand

Which none but he can wield.

XLIII

He smiled on those bold Romans

A smile serene and high;

He eyed the flinching Tuscans,

And scorn was in his eye.

Quoth he, ``The she-wolf's litter

Stand savagely at bay:

But will ye dare to follow,

If Astur clears the way?''

XLIV

Then, whirling up his broadsword

With both hands to the height,

He rushed against Horatius,

And smote with all his might.

With shield and blade Horatius

Right deftly turned the blow.

The blow, though turned, came yet too nigh;

It missed his helm, but gashed his thigh:

The Tuscans raised a joyful cry

To see the red blood flow.

XLV

He reeled, and on Herminius

He leaned one breathing-space;

Then, like a wild cat mad with wounds,

Sprang right at Astur's face.

Through teeth, and skull, and helmet

So fierce a thrust he sped,

The good sword stood a hand-breadth out

Behind the Tuscan's head.

XLVI

And the great Lord of Luna

Fell at that deadly stroke,

As falls on Mount Alvernus

A thunder smitten oak:

Far o'er the crashing forest

The giant arms lie spread;

And the pale augurs, muttering low,

Gaze on the blasted head.

XLVII

On Astur's throat Horatius

Right firmly pressed his heel,

And thrice and four times tugged amain,

Ere he wrenched out the steel.

``And see,'' he cried, ``the welcome,

Fair guests, that waits you here!

What noble Lucomo comes next

To taste our Roman cheer?''

XLVIII

But at his haughty challange

A sullen murmur ran,

Mingled of wrath, and shame, and dread,

Along that glittering van.

There lacked not men of prowess,

Nor men of lordly race;

For all Etruria's noblest

Were round the fatal place.

XLIX

But all Etruria's noblest

Felt their hearts sink to see

On the earth the bloody corpses,

In the path the dauntless Three:

And, from the ghastly entrance

Where those bold Romans stood,

All shrank, like boys who unaware,

Ranging the woods to start a hare,

Come to the mouth of the dark lair

Where, growling low, a fierce old bear

Lies amidst bones and blood.

Was none who would be foremost

To lead such dire attack;

But those behind cried, ``Forward!''

And those before cried, ``Back!''

And backward now and forward

Wavers the deep array;

And on the tossing sea of steel

To and frow the standards reel;

And the victorious trumpet-peal

Dies fitfully away.

Yet one man for one moment

Strode out before the crowd;

Well known was he to all the Three,

And they gave him greeting loud.

``Now welcome, welcome, Sextus!

Now welcome to thy home!

Why dost thou stay, and turn away?

Here lies the road to Rome.''

LII

Thrice looked he at the city;

Thrice looked he at the dead;

And thrice came on in fury,

And thrice turned back in dread:

And, white with fear and hatred,

Scowled at the narrow way

Where, wallowing in a pool of blood,

The bravest Tuscans lay.

LIII

But meanwhile axe and lever

Have manfully been plied;

And now the bridge hangs tottering

Above the boiling tide.

``Come back, come back, Horatius!''

Loud cried the Fathers all.

``Back, Lartius! back, Herminius!

Back, ere the ruin fall!''

LIV

Back darted Spurius Lartius;

Herminius darted back:

And, as they passed, beneath their feet

They felt the timbers crack.

But when they turned their faces,

And on the farther shore

Saw brave Horatius stand alone,

They would have crossed once more.

But with a crash like thunder

Fell every loosened beam,

And, like a dam, the mighty wreck

Lay right athwart the stream:

And a long shout of triumph

Rose from the walls of Rome,

As to the highest turret-tops

Was splashed the yellow foam.

LVI

And, like a horse unbroken

When first he feels the rein,

The furious river struggled hard,

And tossed his tawny mane,

And burst the curb and bounded,

Rejoicing to be free,

And whirling down, in fierce career,

Battlement, and plank, and pier,

Rushed headlong to the sea.

LVII

Alone stood brave Horatius,

But constant still in mind;

Thrice thirty thousand foes before,

And the broad flood behind.

``Down with him!'' cried false Sextus,

With a smile on his pale face.

``Now yield thee,'' cried Lars Porsena,

``Now yield thee to our grace.''

LVIII

Round turned he, as not deigning

Those craven ranks to see;

Nought spake he to Lars Porsena,

To Sextus nought spake he;

But he saw on Palatinus

The white porch of his home;

And he spake to the noble river

That rolls by the towers of Rome.

LVIX

``Oh, Tiber! Father Tiber!

To whom the Romans pray,

A Roman's life, a Roman's arms,

Take thou in charge this day!''

So he spake, and speaking sheathed

The good sword by his side,

And with his harness on his back,

Plunged headlong in the tide.

No sound of joy or sorrow

Was heard from either bank;

But friends and foes in dumb surprise,

With parted lips and straining eyes,

Stood gazing where he sank;

And when above the surges,

They saw his crest appear,

All Rome sent forth a rapturous cry,

And even the ranks of Tuscany

Could scarce forbear to cheer.

LXI

But fiercely ran the current,

Swollen high by months of rain:

And fast his blood was flowing;

And he was sore in pain,

And heavy with his armor,

And spent with changing blows:

And oft they thought him sinking,

But still again he rose.

LXII

Never, I ween, did swimmer,

In such an evil case,

Struggle through such a raging flood

Safe to the landing place:

But his limbs were borne up bravely

By the brave heart within,

And our good father Tiber

Bare bravely up his chin.

LXIII

``Curse on him!'' quoth false Sextus;

``Will not the villain drown?

But for this stay, ere close of day

We should have sacked the town!''

``Heaven help him!'' quoth Lars Porsena

``And bring him safe to shore;

For such a gallant feat of arms

Was never seen before.''

LXIV

And now he feels the bottom;

Now on dry earth he stands;

Now round him throng the Fathers;

To press his gory hands;

And now, with shouts and clapping,

And noise of weeping loud,

He enters through the River-Gate

Borne by the joyous crowd.

LXV

They gave him of the corn-land,

That was of public right,

As much as two strong oxen

Could plough from morn till night;

And they made a molten image,

And set it up on high,

And there is stands unto this day

To witness if I lie.

LXVI

It stands in the Comitium

Plain for all folk to see;

Horatius in his harness,

Halting upon one knee:

And underneath is written,

In letters all of gold,

How valiantly he kept the bridge

In the brave days of old.

LXVII

And still his name sounds stirring

Unto the men of Rome,

As the trumpet-blast that cries to them

To charge the Volscian home;

And wives still pray to Juno

For boys with hearts as bold

As his who kept the bridge so well

In the brave days of old.

LXVIII

And in the nights of winter,

When the cold north winds blow,

And the long howling of the wolves

Is heard amidst the snow;

When round the lonely cottage

Roars loud the tempest's din,

And the good logs of Algidus

Roar louder yet within;

LXIX

When the oldest cask is opened,

And the largest lamp is lit;

When the chestnuts glow in the embers,

And the kid turns on the spit;

When young and old in circle

Around the firebrands close;

When the girls are weaving baskets,

And the lads are shaping bows;

LXX

When the goodman mends his armor,

And trims his helmet's plume;

When the goodwife's shuttle merrily

Goes flashing through the loom;

With weeping and with laughter

Still is the story told,

How well Horatius kept the bridge

In the brave days of old.

The Battle of the Lake Regillus

The following poem is supposed to have been produced about ninety

years after the lay of Horatius. Some persons mentioned in the

lay of Horatius make their appearance again, and some

appellations and epithets used in the lay of Horatius have been

purposely repeated: for, in an age of ballad-poetry, it scarcely

ever fails to happen, that certain phrases come to be

appropriated to certain men and things, and are regularly applied

to those men and things by every minstrel. Thus we find, both in

the Homeric poems and in Hesiod, [several examples of common

phrases, in Greek]. Thus, too, in our own national songs, Douglas

is almost always the doughty Douglas; England is merry England;

all the gold is red; and all the ladies are gay.

The principal distinction between the lay of Horatius and the lay

of the Lake Regillus is that the former is meant to be purely

Roman, while the latter, though national in its general spirit,

has a slight tincture of Greek learning and of Greek

superstition. The story of the Tarquins, as it has come down to

us, appears to have been compiled from the works of several

popular poets; and one, at least, of those poets appears to have

visited the Greek colonies in Italy, if not Greece itself, and to

have had some acquaintance with the works of Homer and Herodotus.

Many of the most striking adventures of the House of Tarquin,

before Lucretia makes her appearance, have a Greek character. The

Tarquins themselves are represented as Corinthian nobles of the

great House of the Bacchiad , driven from their country by the?

tyranny of that Cypselus, the tale of whose strange escape

Herodotus has related with incomparable simplicity and

liveliness. Livy and Dionysius tell us that, when Tarquin the

Proud was asked what was the best mode of governing a conquered

city, he replied only by beating down with his staff all the

tallest poppies in his garden. This is exactly what Herodotus, in

the passage to which reference has already been made, relates of

the counsel given to Periander, the son of Cypselus. The

stratagem by which the town of Gabii is brought under the power

of the Tarquins is, again, obviously copied from Herodotus. The

embassy of the young Tarquins to the oracle at Delphi is just

such a story as would be told by a poet whose head was full of

the Greek mythology; and the ambiguous answer returned by Apollo

is in the exact style of the prophecies which, according to

Herodotus, lured Croesus to destruction. Then the character of

the narrative changes. From the first mention of Lucretia to the

retreat of Porsena nothing seems to be borrowed from foreign

sources. The villainy of Sextus, the suicide of his victim, the

revolution, the death of the sons of Brutus, the defence of the

bridge, Musius burning his hand, Cloelia swimming through Tiber,

seem to be all strictly Roman. But when we have done with the

Tuscan wars, and enter upon the war with the Latines, we are

again struck by the Greek air of the story. The Battle of the

Lake Regillus is in all respects a Homeric battle, except that

the combatants ride astride on their horses, instead of driving

chariots. The mass of fighting men is hardly mentioned. The

leaders single each other out, and engage hand to hand. The great

object of the warriors on both sides is, as in the Iliad, to

obtain possession of the spoils and bodies of the slain; and

several circumstances are related which forcibly remind us of the

great slaughter round the corpses of Sarpedon and Patroclus.

But there is one circumstance which deserves especial notice.

Both the war of Troy and the war of Regillus were caused by the

licentious passions of young princes, who were therefore

peculiarly bound not to be sparing of their own persons on the

day of battle. Now the conduct of Sextus at Regillus, as

described by Livy, so exactly resembles that of Paris, as

described at the beginning of the third book of the Iliad, that

it is difficult to believe the resemblance accidental. Paris

appears before the Trojan ranks, defying the bravest Greek to

encounter him:--

3 lines from the Iliad, in Greek, probably those

translated by Pope as:

... to the van, before the sons of fame

Whom Troy sent forth, the beauteous Paris came:

Livy introduces Sextus in a similar manner: ``Ferocem juvenem

Tarquinium, ostentantem se in prima exsulum acie.'' Menelaus

rushes to meet Paris. A Roman noble, eager for vengeance, spurs

his horse towards Sextus. Both the guilty princes are instantly

terror-stricken:--

3 more lines in Greek, Pope's translation being:

...[Menelaus] approaching near,

The beauteous champion views with marks of fear,

Smit with a conscious sense, retires behind,

And shuns the fate he well deserv'd to find.

``Tarquinius,'' says Livy, ``retro in agmen suorum infenso cessit

hosti.'' If this be a fortuitous coincidence, it is also one of

the most extraordinary in literature.

In the following poem, therefore, images and incidents have been

borrowed, not merely without scruple, but on principle, from the

incomparable battle-pieces of Homer.

The popular belief at Rome, from an early period, seems to have

been that the event of the great day of Regillus was decided by

supernatural agency. Castor and Pollux, it was said, had fought

armed and mounted, at the head of the legions of the

commonwealth, and had afterwards carried the news of the victory

with incredible speed to the city. The well in the Forum at which

they had alighted was pointed out. Near the well rose their

ancient temple. A great festival was kept to their honor on the

Ides of Quintilis, supposed to be the anniversary of the battle;

and on that day sumptuous sacrifices were offered to them at the

public charge. One spot on the margin of Lake Regillus was

regarded during many ages with superstitious awe. A mark,

resembling in shape a horse's hoof, was discernible in the

volcanic rock; and this mark was believed to have been made by

one of the celestial chargers.

How the legend originated cannot now be ascertained; but we may

easily imagine several ways in which it might have originated;

nor is it at all necessary to suppose, with Julius Frontinus,

that two young men were dressed up by the Dictator to personate

the sons of Leda. It is probable that Livy is correct when he

says that the Roman general, in the hour of peril, vowed a temple

to Castor. If so, nothing could be more natural than that the

multitude should ascribe the victory to the favor of the Twin

Gods. When such was the prevailing sentiment, any man who chose

to declare that, in the midst of the confusion and slaughter, he

had seen two godlike forms on white horses scattering the

Latines, would find ready credence. We know, indeed, that in

modern times a very similar story actually found credence among a

people much more civilized than the Romans of the fifth century

before Christ. A chaplain of Cortes, writing about thirty years

after the conquest of Mexico, in an age of printing presses,

libraries, universities, scholars, logicians, jurists, and

statesmen, had the face to assert that, in one engagement against

the Indians, St. James had appeared on a gray horse at the head

of the Castilian adventurers. Many of those adventurers were

living when this lie was printed. One of them, honest Bernal

Diaz, wrote an account of the expedition. He had the evidence of

his own senses against the legend; but he seems to have

distrusted even the evidence of his own senses. He says that he

was in the battle, and that he saw a gray horse with a man on his

back, but that the man was, to his thinking, Francesco de Morla,

and not the ever-blessed apostle St. James. ``Nevertheless,''

Bernal adds, ``it may be that the person on the gray horse was

the glorious apostle St. James, and that I, sinner that I am, was

unworthy to see him.'' The Romans of the age of Cincinatus were

probably quite as credulous as the Spanish subjects of Charles

the Fifth. It is therefore conceivable that the appearance of

Castor and Pollux may be become an article of faith before the

generation which had fought at Regillus had passed away. Nor

could anything be more natural than that the poets of the next

age should embellish this story, and make the celestial horsemen

bear the tidings of victory to Rome.

Many years after the temple of the Twin Gods had been built in

the Forum, an important addition was made to the ceremonial by

which the state annually testified its gratitude for their

protection. Quintus Fabius and Publius Decius were elected

Censors at a momentous crisis. It had become absolutely necessary

that the classification of the citizens should be revised. On

that classification depended the distribution of political power.

Party spirit ran high; and the republic seemed to be in danger of

falling under the dominion either of a narrow oligarchy or of an

ignorant and headstrong rabble. Under such circumstances, the

most illustrious patrician and the most illustrious plebeian of

the age were entrusted with the office of arbitrating between the

angry factions; and they performed their arduous task to the

satisfaction of all honest and reasonable men.

One of their reforms was the remodelling of the equestrian order;

and, having effected this reform, they determined to give to

their work a sanction derived from religion. In the chivalrous

societies of modern times,--societies which have much more than

may at first sight appear in common with with the equestrian

order of Rome,--it has been usual to invoke the special

protection of some Saint, and to observe his day with peculiar

solemnity. Thus the Companions of the Garter wear the image of

St. George depending from their collars, and meet, on great

occasions, in St. George's Chapel. Thus, when Louis the

Fourteenth instituted a new order of chivalry for the rewarding

of military merit, he commended it to the favor of his own

glorified ancestor and patron, and decreed that all the members

of the fraternity should meet at the royal palace on the feast of

St. Louis, should attend the king to chapel, should hear mass,

and should subsequently hold their great annual assembley. There

is a considerable resemblance between this rule of the order of

St. Louis and the rule which Fabius and Decius made respecting

the Roman knights. It was ordained that a grand muster and

inspection of the equestrian body should be part of the

ceremonial performed, on the anniversary of the battle of

Regillus, in honor of Castor and Pollux, the two equestrian gods.

All the knights, clad in purple and crowned with olive, were to

meet at a temple of Mars in the suburbs. Thence they were to ride

in state to the Forum, where the temple of the Twins stood. This

pageant was, during several centuries, considered as one of the

most splendid sights of Rome. In the time of Dionysius the

cavalcade sometimes consisted of five thousand horsemen, all

persons of fair repute and easy fortune.

There can be no doubt that the Censors who instituted this august

ceremony acted in concert with the Pontiffs to whom, by the

constitution of Rome, the superintendence of the public worship

belonged; and it is probable that those high religious

functionaries were, as usual, fortunate enough to find in their

books or traditions some warrant for the innovation.

The following poem is supposed to have been made for this great

occasion. Songs, we know, were chanted at religious festivals of

Rome from an early period, indeed from so early a period that

some of the sacred verses were popularly ascribed to Numa, and

were utterly unintelligible in the age of Augustus. In the Second

Punic War a great feast was held in honor of Juno, and a song was

sung in her praise. This song was extant when Livy wrote; and,

though exceedingly rugged and uncouth, seemed to him not wholly

destitute of merit. A song, as we learn from Horace, was part of

the established ritual at the great Secular Jubilee. It is

therefore likely that the Censors and Pontiffs, when they had

resolved to add a grand procession of knights to the other

solemnities annually performed on the Ides of Quintilis, would

call in the aid of a poet. Such a poet would naturally take for

his subject the battle of Regillus, the appearance of the Twin

Gods, and the institution of their festival. He would find

abundant materials in the ballads of his predecessors; and he

would make free use of the scanty stock of Greek learning which

he had himself acquired. He would probably introduce some wise

and holy Pontiff enjoining the magnificent ceremonial which,

after a long interval, had at length been adopted. If the poem

succeeded, many persons would commit it to memory. Parts of it

would be sung to the pipe at banquets. It would be peculiarly

interesting to the great Posthumian House, which numbered among

its many images that of the Dictator Aulus, the hero of Regillus.

The orator who, in the following generation, pronounced the

funeral panegyric over the remains of Lucius Posthumius Megellus,

thrice Consul, would borrow largely from the lay; and thus some

passages, much disfigured, would probably find their way into the

chronicles which were afterwards in the hands of Dionysius and

Livy.

Antiquaries differ widely as to the situation of the field of

battle. The opinion of those who suppose that the armies met near

Cornufelle, between Frascati and the Monte Porzio, is at least

plausible, and has been followed in the poem.

As to the details of the battle, it has not been thought

desirable to adhere minutely to the accounts which have come down

to us. Those accounts, indeed, differ widely from each other,

and, in all probability, differ as widely from the ancient poem

from which they were originally derived.

It is unnecessary to point out the obvious imitations of the

Iliad, which have been purposely introduced.

The Battle of the Lake Regillus

A Lay Sung at the Feast of Castor and Pollux on the Ides of

Quintilis in the year of the City CCCCLI

Ho, trumpets, sound a war-note!

Ho, lictors, clear the way!

The Knights will ride, in all their pride,

Along the streets to-day.

To-day the doors and windows

Are hung with garlands all,

From Castor in the Forum,

To Mars without the wall.

Each Knight is robed in purple,

With olive each is crowned;

A gallant war-horse under each

Paws haughtily the ground.

While flows the Yellow River,

While stands the Sacred Hill,

The proud Ides of Quintilis

Shall have such honor still.

Gay are the Martian Kalends,

December's Nones are gay,

But the proud Ides, when the squadron rides,

Shall be Rome's whitest day.

Unto the Great Twin Brethren

We keep this solemn feast.

Swift, swift, the Great Twin Brethren

Came spurring from the east.

They came o'er wild Parthenius

Tossing in waves of pine,

O'er Cirrha's dome, o'er Adria's foam,

O'er purple Apennine,

From where with flutes and dances

Their ancient mansion rings,

In lordly Laced mon,?

The City of two kings,

To where, by Lake Regillus,

Under the Porcian height,

All in the lands of Tusculum,

Was fought the glorious fight.

III

Now on the place of slaughter

Are cots and sheepfolds seen,

And rows of vines, and fields of wheat,

And apple-orchards green;

The swine crush the big acorns

That fall from Corne's oaks.

Upon the turf by the Fair Fount

The reaper's pottage smokes.

The fisher baits his angle;

The hunter twangs his bow;

Little they think on those strong limbs

That moulder deep below.

Little they think how sternly

That day the trumpets pealed;

How in the slippery swamp of blood

Warrior and war-horse reeled;

How wolves came with fierce gallops,

And crows on eager wings,

To tear the flesh of captains,

And peck the eyes of kings;

How thick the dead lay scattered

Under the Porcian height;

How through the gates of Tusculum

Raved the wild stream of flight;

And how the Lake Regillus

Bubbled with crimson foam,

What time the Thirty Cities

Came forth to war with Rome.

But Roman, when thou standest

Upon that holy ground,

Look thou with heed on the dark rock

That girds the dark lake round.

So shalt thou see a hoof-mark

Stamped deep into the flint:

It was not hoof of mortal steed

That made so strange a dint:

There to the Great Twin Brethren

Vow thou thy vows, and pray

That they, in tempest and in flight,

Will keep thy head alway.

Since last the Great Twin Brethren

Of mortal eyes were seen,

Have years gone by an hundred

And fourscore and thirteen.

That summer a Virginius

Was Consul first in place;

The second was stout Aulus,

Of the Posthumian race.

The Herald of the Latines

From Gabii came in state:

The Herald of the Latines

Passed through Rome's Eastern Gate:

The Herald of the Latines

Did in our Forum stand;

And there he did his office,

A sceptre in his hand.

``Hear, Senators and people

Of the good town of Rome,

The Thirty Cities charge you

To bring the Tarquins home:

And if ye still be stubborn

To work the Tarquins wrong,

The Thirty Cities warn you,

Look your walls be strong.''

VII

Then spake the Consul Aulus,

He spake a bitter jest:

``Once the jays sent a message

Unto the eagle's nest:--

Now yield thou up thine eyrie

Unto the carrion-kite,

Or come forth valiantly, and face

The jays in deadly fight.--

Forth looked in wrath the eagle;

And carrion-kite and jay,

Soon as they saw his beak and claw,

Fled screaming far away.''

VIII

The Herald of the Latines

Hath hied him back in state:

The Fathers of the City

Are met in high debate.

Then spake the elder Consul,

And ancient man and wise:

``Now harken, Conscript Fathers,

To that which I advise.

In seasons of great peril

'Tis good that one bear sway;

Then choose we a Dictator,

Whom all men shall obey.

Camerium knows how deeply

The sword of Aulus bites,

And all our city calls him

The man of seventy fights.

Then let him be Dictator

For six months and no more,

And have a Master of the Knights,

And axes twenty-four.''

So Aulus was Dictator,

The man of seventy fights;

He made butius Elva?

His Master of the Knights.

On the third morn thereafter,

At downing of the day,

Did Aulus and butius?

Set forth with their array.

Sempronius Atratinus

Was left in charge at home

With boys, and with gray-headed men,

To keep the walls of Rome.

Hard by the Lake Regillus

Our camp was pitched at night:

Eastward a mile the Latines lay,

Under the Porcian height.

Far over hill and valley

Their mighty host was spread;

And with their thousand watch-fires

The midnight sky was red.

Up rose the golden morning

Over the Porcian height,

The proud Ides of Quintilis

Marked evermore in white.

Not without secret trouble

Our bravest saw the foe;

For girt by threescore thousand spears,

The thirty standards rose.

From every warlike city

That boasts the Latian name,

Fordoomed to dogs and vultures,

That gallant army came;

From Setia's purple vineyards,

From Norba's ancient wall,

From the white streets of Tusculum,

The proudust town of all;

From where the Witch's Fortress

O'er hangs the dark-blue seas;

From the still glassy lake that sleeps

Beneath Aricia's trees--

Those trees in whose dim shadow

The ghastly priest doth reign,

The priest who slew the slayer,

And shall himself be slain;

From the drear banks of Ufens,

Where flights of marsh-fowl play,

And buffaloes lie wallowing

Through the hot summer's day;

From the gigantic watch-towers,

No work of earthly men,

Whence Cora's sentinels o'erlook

The never-ending fen;

From the Laurentian jungle,

The wild hog's reedy home;

From the green steeps whence Anio leaps

In floods of snow-white foam.

Aricia, Cora, Norba,

Velitr , with the might?

Of Setia and of Tusculum,

Were marshalled on the right:

The leader was Mamilius,

Prince of the Latian name;

Upon his head a helmet

Of red gold shone like flame:

High on a gallant charger

Of dark-gray hue he rode;

Over his gilded armor

A vest of purple flowed,

Woven in the land of sunrise

By Syria's dark-browed daughters,

And by the sails of Carthage brought

Far o'er the southern waters.

XII

Lavinium and Laurentum

Had on the left their post,

With all the banners of the marsh,

And banners of the coast.

Their leader was false Sextus,

That wrought the deed of shame:

With restless pace and haggard face

To his last field he came.

Men said he saw strange visions

Which none beside might see;

And that strange sounds were in his ears

Which none might hear but he.

A woman fair and stately,

But pale as are the dead,

Oft through the watches of the night

Sat spinning by his bed.

And as she plied the distaff,

In a sweet voice and low,

She sang of great old houses,

And fights fought long ago.

So spun she, and so sang she,

Until the east was gray.

Then pointed to her bleeding breast,

And shrieked, and fled away.

XIII

But in the centre thickest

Were ranged the shields of foes,

And from the centre loudest

The cry of batle rose.

There Tibur marched and Pedum

Beneath proud Tarquin's rule,

And Ferentinum of the rock,

And Gabii of the pool.

There rode the Volscian succors:

There, in the dark stern ring,

The Roman exiles gathered close

Around the ancient king.

Though white as Mount Soracte,

When winter nights are long,

His beard flowed down o'er mail and belt,

His heart and hand were strong:

Under his hoary eyebrows

Still flashed forth quenchless rage:

And, if the lance shook in his gripe,

'Twas more with hate than age.

Close at his side was Titus

On an Apulian steed,

Titus, the youngest Tarquin,

Too good for such a breed.

XIV

Now on each side the leaders

Gave signal for the charge;

And on each side the footmen

Strode on with lance and targe;

And on each side the horsemen

Struck their spurs deep in gore,

And front to front the armies

Met with a mighty roar:

And under that great battle

The earth with blood was red;

And, like the Pomptine fog at morn,

The dust hung overhead;

And louder still and louder

Rose from the darkened field

The braying of the war-horns,

The clang of sword and shield,

The rush of squadrons sweeping

Like whirlwinds o'er the plain,

The shouting of the slayers,

And screeching of the slain.

False Sextus rode out foremost,

His look was high and bold;

His corslet was of bison's hide,

Plated with steel and gold.

As glares the famished eagle

From the Digentian rock

On a choice lamb that bounds alone

Before Bandusia's flock,

Herminius glared on Sextus,

And came with eagle speed,

Herminius on black Auster,

Brave champion on brave steed;

In his right hand the broadsword

That kept the bridge so well,

And on his helm the crown he won

When proud Fiden fell.?

Woe to the maid whose lover

Shall cross his path to-day!

False Sextus saw, and trembled,

And turned, and fled away.

As turns, as flies, the woodman

In the Calabrian brake,

When through the reeds gleams the round eye

Of that fell speckled snake;

So turned, so fled, false Sextus,

And hid him in the rear,

Behind the dark Lavinian ranks,

Bristling with crest and spear.

XVI

But far to the north butius,?

The Master of the Knights,

Gave Tubero of Norba

To feed the Porcian kites.

Next under those red horse-hoofs

Flaccus of Setia lay;

Better had he been pruning

Among his elms that day.

Mamilus saw the slaughter,

And tossed his golden crest,

And towards the Master of the Knights

Through the thick battle pressed.

?butius smote Mamilius

So fiercely on the shield

That the great lord of Tusculum

Well-nigh rolled on the field.

Mamilius smote butius,?

With a good aim and true,

Just where the next and shoulder join,

And pierced him through and through;

And brave butius Elva?

Fell swooning to the ground:

But a thick wall of bucklers

Encompassed him around.

His clients from the battle

Bare him some little space,

And filled a helm from the dark lake,

And bathed his brow and face;

And when at last he opened

His swimming eyes to light,

Men say, the earliest words he spake

Was, ``Friends, how goes the fight?''.

XVII

But meanwhile in the centre

Great deeds of arms were wrought;

There Aulus the Dictator

And there Valerius fought.

Aulus with his good broadsword

A bloody passage cleared

To where, amidst the thickest foes,

He saw the long white beard.

Flat lighted that good broadsword

Upon proud Tarquin's head.

He dropped the lance: he dropped the reins:

He fell as fall the dead.

Down Aulus springs to slay him,

With eyes like coals of fire;

But faster Titus hath sprung down,

And hath bestrode his sire.

Latian captains, Roman knights,

Fast down to earth they spring,

And hand to hand they fight on foot

Around the ancient king.

First Titus gave tall C so?

A death wound in the face;

Tall C so was the bravest man?

Of the brave Fabian race:

Aulus slew Rex of Gabii,

The priest of Juno's shrine;

Valerius smote down Julius,

Of Rome's great Julian line;

Julius, who left his mansion,

High on the Velian hill,

And through all turns of weal and woe

Followed proud Tarquin still.

Now right across proud Tarquin

A corpse was Julius laid;

And Titus groaned with rage and grief,

And at Valerius made.

Valerius struck at Titus,

And lopped off half his crest;

But Titus stabbed Valerius

A span deep in the breast.

Like a mast snapped by the tempest,

Valerius reeled and fell.

Ah! woe is me for the good house

That loves the people well!

Then shouted loud the Latines;

And with one rush they bore

The struggling Romans backward

Three lances' length and more:

And up they took proud Tarquin,

And laid him on a shield,

And four strong yeomen bare him,

Still senseless, from the field.

XVIII

But fiercer grew the fighting

Around Valerius dead;

For Titus dragged him by the foot

And Aulus by the head.

``On, Latines, on!'' quoth Titus,

``See how the rebels fly!''

``Romans, stand firm!'' quoth Aulus,

``And win this fight or die!

They must not give Valerius

To raven and to kite;

For aye Valerius loathed the wrong,

And aye upheld the right:

And for your wives and babies

In the front rank he fell.

Now play the men for the good house

That loves the people well!.''

XIX

Then tenfold round the body

The roar of battle rose,

Like the roar of a burning forest,

When a strong north wind blows,

Now backward, and now forward,

Rocked furiously the fray,

Till none could see Valerius,

And none wist where he lay.

For shivered arms and ensigns

Were heaped there in a mound,

And corpses stiff, and dying men

That writhed and gnawed the ground;

And wounded horses kicking,

And snorting purple foam:

Right well did such a couch befit

A Consular of Rome.

But north looked the Dictator;

North looked he long and hard,

And spake to Caius Cossus,

The Captain of his Guard;

``Caius, of all the Romans

Thou hast the keenest sight,

Say, what through yonder storm of dust

Comes from the Latian right;''

XXI

Then answered Caius Cossus:

``I see an evil sight;

The banner of proud Tusculum

Comes from the Latian right;

I see the plum d horsemen;?

And far before the rest

I see the dark-gray charger,

I see the purple vest;

I see the golden helmet

That shines far off like flame;

So ever rides Mamilius,

Prince of the Latian name.''

XXII

``Now hearken, Caius Cossus:

Spring on thy horse's back;

Ride as the wolves of Apennine

Were all upon thy track;

Haste to our southward battle:

And never draw thy rein

Until thou find Herminius,

And bid hime come amain.''

XXIII

So Aulus spake, and turned him

Again to that fierce strife;

And Caius Cossus mounted,

And rode for death and life.

Loud clanged beneath his horse-hoofs

The helmets of the dead,

And many a curdling pool of blood

Splashed him heel to head.

So came he far to southward,

Where fought the Roman host,

Against the banners of the marsh

And banners of the coast.

Like corn before the sickle

The stout Laninians fell,

Beneath the edge of the true sword

That kept the bridge so well.

XXIV

``Herminius! Aulus greets thee;

He bids thee come with speed,

To help our central bettle,

For sore is there our need;

There wars the youngest Tarquin,

And there the Crest of Flame,

The Tusculan Mamilius,

Prince of the Latian name.

Valerius hath fallen fighting

In front of our array;

And Aulus of the seventy fields

Alone upholds the day.''

XXV

Herminius beat his bosom:

But never a word he spake.

He clapped his hand on Auster's mane,

He gave the reins a shake.

Away, away, went Auster,

Like an arrow from the bow:

Black Auster was the fleetest steed

From Aufidus to Po.

XXVI

Right glad were all the Romans

Who, in that hour of dread,

Against great odds bare up the war

Around Valerius dead,

When from the south the cheering

Rose with a mighty swell;

``Herminius comes, Herminius,

Who kept the bridge so well!''

XXVII

Mamilius spied Herminius,

And dashed across the way.

``Herminius! I have sought thee

Through many a bloody day.

One of us two, Herminius,

Shall never more go home.

I will lay on for Tusculum,

And lay thou on for Rome!

XXVIII

All round them paused the battle,

While met in mortal fray

The Roman and the Tusculan,

The horses black and gray.

Herminius smote Mamilius

Through breast-plate and through breast,

And fast flowed out the purple blood

Over the purple vest.

Mamilius smote Herminius

Through head-piece and through head,

And side by side those chiefs of pride,

Together fell down dead.

Down fell they dead together

In a great lake of gore;

And still stood all who saw them fall

While men might count a score.

XXIX

Fast, fast, with heels wild spurning,

The dark-gray charger fled:

He burst through ranks of fighting men,

He sprang o'er heaps of dead.

His bridle far out-streming,

His flanks all blood and foam,

He sought the southern mountains,

The mountains of his home.

The pass was steep and rugged,

The wolves they howled and whined;

But he ran like a whirlwind up the pass,

And he left the wolves behind.

Through many a startled hamlet

Thundered his flying feet;

He rushed through the gate of Tusculum,

He rushed up the long white street;

He rushed by tower and temple,

And paused not from his race

Till he stood before his master's door

In the stately market-place.

And straightway round him gathered

A pale and trembling crowd,

And when they knew him, cries of rage

Brake forth, and wailing loud:

And women rent their tresses

For their great prince's fall;

And old men girt on their old swords,

And went to man the wall.

XXX

But, like a graven image,

Black Auster kept his place,

And ever wistfully he looked

Into his master's face.

The raven-mane that daily,

With pats and fond caresses,

The young Herminia washed and combed,

And twined in even tresses,

And decked with colored ribbons

From her own gay attire,

Hung sadly o'er her father's corpse

In carnage and in mire.

Forth with a shout sprang Titus,

And seized black Auster's rein.

Then Aulus sware a fearful oath,

And ran at him amain.

``The furies of thy brother

With me and mine abide,

If one of your accursed house

Upon black Auster ride!''

As on a Alpine watch-tower

From heaven comes down the flame,

Full on the neck of Titus

The blade of Aulus came:

And out the red blood spouted,

In a wide arch and tall,

As spouts a fountain in the court

Of some rich Capuan's hall.

The knees of all the Latines

Were loosened with dismay,

When dead, on dead Herminius,

The bravest Tarquin lay.

XXXI

And Aulus the Dictator

Stroked Auster's raven mane,

With heed he looked unto the girths,

With heed unto the rein.

``Now bear me well, black Auster,

Into yon thick array;

And thou and I will have revenge

For thy good lord this day.''

XXXII

So spake he; and was buckling

Tighter black Auster's band,

When he was aware of a princely pair

That rode at his right hand.

So like they were, no mortal

Might one from other know:

White as snow their armor was:

Their steeds were white as snow.

Never on earthly anvil

Did such rare armor gleam;

And never did such gallant steeds

Drink of an earthly stream.

XXXIII

And all who saw them trembled,

And pale grew every cheek;

And Aulus the Dictator

Scarce gathered voice to speak.

``Say by what name men call you?

What city is your home?

And wherefore ride ye in such guise

Before the ranks of Rome?''

XXXIV

``By many names men call us;

In many lands we dwell:

Well Samothracia knows us;

Cyrene knows us well.

Our house in gay Tarentum

Is hung each morn with flowers:

High o'er the masts of Syracuse

Our marble portal towers;

But by the proud Eurotas

Is our dear native home;

And for the right we come to fight

Before the ranks of Rome.''

XXXV

So answered those strange horsemen,

And each couched low his spear;

And forthwith all the ranks of Rome

Were bold, and of good cheer:

And on the thirty armies

Came wonder and affright,

And Ardea wavered on the left,

And Cora on the right.

``Rome to the charge!'' cried Aulus;

``The foe begins to yield!

Charge for the hearth of Vesta!

Charge for the Golden Shield!

Let no man stop to plunder,

But slay, and slay, and slay;

The gods who live forever

Are on our side to-day.''

XXXVI

Then the fierce trumpet-flourish

From earth to heaven arose,

The kites know well the long stern swell

That bids the Romans close.

Then the good sword of Aulus

Was lifted up to slay;

Then, like a crag down Apennine,

Rushed Auster through the fray.

But under those strange horsemen

Still thicker lay the slain;

And after those strange horses

Black Auster toiled in vain.

Behind them Rome's long battle

Came rolling on the foe,

Ensigns dancing wild above,

Blades all in line below.

So comes the Po in flood-time

Upon the Celtic plain;

So comes the squall, blacker than night,

Upon the Adrian main.

Now, by our Sire Quirinus,

It was a goodly sight

To see the thirty standards

Swept down the tide of flight.

So flies the spray of Adria

When the black squall doth blow

So corn-sheaves in the flood-time

Spin down the whirling Po.

False Sextus to the mountains

Turned first his horse's head;

And fast fled Ferentinum,

And fast Lanuvium fled.

The horsemen of Nomentus

Spurred hard out of the fray;

The footmen of Velitr?

Threw shield and spear away.

And underfoot was trampled,

Amidst the mud and gore,

The banner of proud Tusculum,

That never stooped before:

And down went Flavius Faustus,

Who led his stately ranks

From where the apple blossoms wave

On Anio's echoing banks,

And Tullus of Arpinum,

Chief of the Volscian aids,

And Metius with the long fair curls,

The love of Anxur's maids,

And the white head of Vulso,

The great Arician seer,

And Nepos of Laurentum

The hunter of the deer;

And in the back false Sextus

Felt the good Roman steel,

And wriggling in the dust he died,

Like a worm beneath the wheel:

And fliers and pursuers

Were mingled in a mass;

And far away the battle

Went roaring through the pass.

XXXVII

Semponius Atratinus

Sat in the Eastern Gate,

Beside him were three Fathers,

Each in his chair of state;

Fabius, whose nine stout grandsons

That day were in the field,

And Manlius, eldest of the Twelve

Who keep the Golden Shield;

And Sergius, the High Pontiff,

For wisdom far renowned;

In all Etruria's colleges

Was no such Pontiff found.

And all around the portal,

And high above the wall,

Stood a great throng of people,

But sad and silent all;

Young lads and stooping elders

That might not bear the mail,

Matrons with lips that quivered,

And maids with faces pale.

Since the first gleam of daylight,

Sempronius had not ceased

To listen for the rushing

Of horse-hoofs from the east.

The mist of eve was rising,

The sun was hastening down,

When he was aware of a princely pair

Fast pricking towards the town.

So like they were, man never

Saw twins so like before;

Red with gore their armor was,

Their steeds were red with gore.

XXXVIII

``Hail to the great Asylum!

Hail to the hill-tops seven!

Hail to the fire that burns for aye,

And the shield that fell from heaven!

This day, by Lake Regillus,

Under the Porcian height,

All in the lands of Tusculum

Was fought a glorious fight.

Tomorrow your Dictator

Shall bring in triumph home

The spoils of thirty cities

To deck the shrines of Rome!''

XXXIX

Then burst from that great concourse

A shout that shook the towers,

And some ran north, and some ran south,

Crying,``The day is ours!''

But on rode these strange horsemen,

With slow and lordly pace;

And none who saw their bearing

Durst ask their name or race.

On rode they to the Forum,

While laurel-boughs and flowers,

From house-tops and from windows,

Fell on their crests in showers.

When they drew nigh to Vesta,

They vaulted down amain,

And washed their horses in the well

That springs by Vesta's fane.

And straight again they mounted,

And rode to Vesta's door;

Then, like a blast, away they passed,

And no man saw them more.

And all the people trembled,

And pale grew every cheek;

And Sergius the High Pontiff

Alone found voice to speak:

``The gods who live forever

Have fought for Rome to-day!

These be the Great Twin Brethren

To whom the Dorians pray.

Back comes the chief in triumph,

Who, in the hour of fight,

Hath seen the Great Twin Brethren

In harness on his right.

Safe comes the ship to haven,

Through billows and through gales,

If once the Great Twin Brethren

Sit shining on the sails.

Wherefore they washed their horses

In Vesta's holy well,

Wherefore they rode to Vesta's door,

I know, but may not tell.

Here, hard by Vesta's temple,

Build we a stately dome

Unto the Great Twin Brethren

Who fought so well for Rome.

And when the months returning

Bring back this day of fight,

The proud Ides of Quintilis,

Marked evermore with white,

Unto the Great Twin Brethren

Let all the people throng,

With chaplets and with offerings,

With music and with song;

And let the doors and windows

Be hung with garlands all,

And let the knights be summoned

To Mars without the wall:

Thence let them ride in purple

With joyous trumpet-sound,

Each mounted on his war-horse,

And each with olive crowned;

And pass in solemn order

Before the sacred dome,

Where dwell the Great Twin Brethren

Who fought so well for Rome.''

Virginia

A collection consisting exclusively of war-songs would give an

imperfect, or rather an erroneous, notion of the spirit of the

old Latin ballads. The Patricians, during more than a century

after the expulsion of the Kings, held all the high military

commands. A Plebeian, even though, like Lucius Siccius, he were

distinguished by his valor and knowledge of war, could serve only

in subordinate posts. A minstrel, therefore, who wished to

celebrate the early triumphs of his country, could hardly take

any but Patricians for his heroes. The warriors who are mentioned

in the two preceding lays, Horatius, Lartius, Herminius, Aulus

Posthumius, butius Elva, Sempronius Atratinus, Valerius?

Poplicola, were all members of the dominant order; and a poet who

was singing their praises, whatever his own political opinions

might be, would naturally abstain from insulting the class to

which they belonged, and from reflecting on the system which had

placed such men at the head of the legions of the Commonwealth.

But there was a class of compositions in which the great families

were by no means so courteously treated. No parts of early Roman

history are richer with poetical coloring than those which relate

to the long contest between the privileged houses and the

commonality. The population of Rome was, from a very early

period, divided into hereditary castes, which, indeed, readily

united to repel foreign enemies, but which regarded each other,

during many years, with bitter animosity. Between those castes

there was a barrier hardly less strong than that which, at

Venice, parted the members of the Great Council from their

countrymen. In some respects, indeed, the line which separated an

Icilius or a Duilius from a Posthumius or a Fabius was even more

deeply marked than that which separated the rower of gondola from

a Contarini or a Morosini. At Venice the distinction was merely

civil. At Rome it was both civil and religious. Among the

grievances under which the Plebeians suffered, three were felt as

peculiarly severe. They were excluded from the highest

magistracies; they were excluded from all share in the public

lands; and they were ground down to the dust by partial and

barbarous legislation touching pecuniary contracts. The ruling

class in Rome was a moneyed class; and it made and administered

the laws with a view solely to its own interest. Thus the

relation between lender and borrower was mixed up with the

relation between sovereign and subject. The great men held a

large portion of the community in dependence by means of advances

at enormous usury. The law of debt, framed by creditors, and for

the protection of creditors, was the host horrible that has ever

been known among men. The liberty and even the life of the

insolvent were at the mercy of the Patrician money-lenders.

Children often became slaves in consequence of the misfortunes of

their parents. The debtor was imprisoned, not in a public jail

under the care of impartial public functionaries, but in a

private workhouse belonging to the creditor. Frightful stories

were told respecting these dungeons. It was said that torture and

brutal violation were common; that tight stocks, heavy chains,

scanty measures of food, were used to punish wretches guilty of

nothing but poverty; and that brave soldiers, whose breasts were

covered with honorable scars, were often marked still more deeply

on the back by the scourges of high-born usurers.

The Plebeians were, however, not wholly without constitutional

rights. From an early period they had been admitted to some share

of political power. They were enrolled each in his century, and

were allowed a share, considerable though not proportioned to

their numerical strength, in the disposal of those high dignities

from which they were themselves excluded. Thus their position

bore some resemblance to that of the Irish Catholics during the

interval between the year 1792 and the year 1829. The Plebeians

had also the privilege of annually appointing officers, named

Tribunes, who had no active share in the government of the

commonwealth, but who, by degree, acquired a power formidable

even to the ablest and most resolute Consuls and Dictators. The

person of the Tribune was inviolable; and, though he could

directly effect little, he could obstruct everything.

During more than a century after the institution of the

Tribuneship, the Commons struggled manfully for the removal of

the grievances under which they labored; and, in spite of many

checks and reverses, succeeded in wringing concession after

concession from the stubborn aristocracy. At length in the year

of the city 378, both parties mustered their whole strength for

their last and most desperate conflict. The popular and active

Tribune, Caius Licinius, proposed the three memorable laws which

are called by his name, and which were intended to redress the

three great evils of which the Plebeians complained. He was

supported, with eminent ability and firmness, by his colleague,

Lucius Sextius. The struggle appears to have been the fiercest

that every in any community terminated without an appeal to arms.

If such a contest had raged in any Greek city, the streets would

have run with blood. But, even in the paroxysms of faction, the

Roman retained his gravity, his respect for law, and his

tenderness for the lives of his fellow citizens. Year after year

Licinius and Sextius were re lected Tribunes. Year after year, if?

the narrative which has come down to us is to be trusted, they

continued to exert, to the full extent, their power of stopping

the whole machine of government. No curule magistrates could be

chosen; no military muster could be held. We know too little of

the state of Rome in those days to be able to conjecture how,

during that long anarchy, the peace was kept, and ordinary

justice administered between man and man. The animosity of both

parties rose to the greatest height. The excitement, we may well

suppose, would have been peculiarly intense at the annual

election of Tribunes. On such occasions there can be little doubt

that the great families did all that could be done, by threats

and caresses, to break the union of the Plebeians. That union,

however, proved indissoluble. At length the good cause triumphed.

The Licinian laws were carried. Lucius Sextius was the first

Plebeian Consul, Caius Licinius the third.

The results of this great change were singularly happy and

glorious. Two centuries of prosperity, harmony, and victory

followed the reconciliation of the orders. Men who remembered

Rome engaged in waging petty wars almost within sight of the

Capitol lived to see her the mistress of Italy. While the

disabilities of the Plebeians continued, she was scarcely able to

maintain her ground against the Volscians and Hernicans. When

those disabilities were removed, she rapidly became more than a

match for Carthage and Macedon.

During the great Licinian contest the Plebeian poets were,

doubtless, not silent. Even in modern times songs have been by no

means without influence on public affairs; and we may therefore

infer that, in a society where printing was unknown and where

books were rare, a pathetic or humorous party-ballad must have

produced effects such as we can but faintly conceive. It is

certain that satirical poems were common at Rome from a very

early period. The rustics, who lived at a distance from the seat

of government, and took little part in the strife of factions,

gave vent to their petty local animosities in coarse Fescennine

verse. The lampoons of the city were doubtless of a higher order;

and their sting was early felt by the nobility. For in the Twelve

Tables, long before the time of the Licinian laws, a severe

punishment was denounced against the citizen who should compose

or recite verses reflecting on another. Satire is, indeed, the

only sort of composition in which the Latin poets, whose works

have come down to us, were not mere imitators of foreign models;

and it is therefore the only sort of composition in which they

have never been rivalled. It was not, like their tragedy, their

comedy, their epic and lyric poetry, a hothouse plant which, in

return for assiduous and skilful culture, gave only scanty and

sickly fruits. It was hardy and full of sap; and in all the

various juices which it yielded might be distinguished the flavor

of the Ausonian soil. ``Satire,'' said Quinctilian, with just

pride, ``is all our own.'' Satire sprang, in truth, naturally

from the constitution of the Roman government and from the spirit

of the Roman people; and, though at length subjected to metrical

rules derived from Greece, retained to the last an essentially

Roman character. Lucilius was the earliest satirist whose works

were held in esteem under the Caesars. But many years before

Lucilius was born, N vius had been flung into a dungeon, and?

guarded there with circumstances of unusual rigor, on account of

the bitter lines in which he had attacked the great Caecilian

family. The genius and spirit of the Roman satirists survived the

liberty of their country, and were not extinguished by the cruel

despotism of the Julian and Flavian Emperors. The great poet who

told the story of Domitian's turbot was the legitimate successor

of those forgotten minstrels whose songs animated the factions of

the infant Republic.

Those minstrels, as Niebuhr has remarked, appear to have

generally taken the popular side. We can hardly be mistaken in

supposing that, at the great crisis of the civil conflict, they

employed themselves in versifying all the most powerful and

virulent speeches of the Tribunes, and in heaping abuse on the

leaders of the aristocracy. Every personal defect, every domestic

scandal, every tradition dishonorable to a noble house, would be

sought out, brought into notice, and exaggerated. The illustrious

head of the aristocratical party, Marcus Furius Camillus, might

perhaps be, in some measure, protected by his venerable age and

by the memory of his great services to the state. But Appius

Claudius Crassus enjoyed no such immunity. He was descended from

a long line of ancestors distinguished by their haughty demeanor,

and by the inflexibility with which they had withstood all the

demands of the Plebeian order. While the political conduct and

the deportment of the Claudian nobles drew upon them the fiercest

public hatred, they were accused of wanting, if any credit is due

to the early history of Rome, a class of qualities which, in a

military commonwealth, is sufficient to cover a multitude of

offences. The chiefs of the family appear to have been eloquent,

versed in civil business, and learned after the fashion of their

age; but in war they were not distinguished by skill or valor.

Some of them, as if conscious where their weakness lay, had, when

filling the highest magistracies, taken internal administration

as their department of public business, and left the military

command to their colleagues. One of them had been entrusted with

an army, and had failed ignominiously. None of them had been

honored with a triumph. None of them had achieved any martial

exploit, such as those by which Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus,

Titus Quinctius Capitolinus, Aulus Cornelius Cossus, and, above

all, the great Camillus, had extorted the reluctant esteem of the

multitude. During the Licinian conflict, Appius Claudius Crassus

signalized himself by the ability and severity with which he

harangued against the two great agitators. He would naturally,

therefore, be the favorite mark of the Plebeian satirists; nor

would they have been at a loss to find a point on which he was

open to attack.

His grandfather, called, like himself, Appius Claudius, had left

a name as much detested as that Sextus Tarquinius. This elder

Appius had been Consul more than seventy years before the

introduction of the Licinian laws. By availing himself of a

singular crisis in public feeling, he had obtained the consent of

the Commons to the abolition of the Tribuneship, and had been the

chief of that Council of Ten to which the whole direction of the

state had been committed. In a new months his administration had

become universally odious. It had been swept away by an

irresistible outbreak of popular fury; and its memory was still

held in abhorrence by the whole city. The immediate cause of the

downfall of this execrable government was said to have been an

attempt made by Appius Claudius upon the chastity of a beautiful

young girl of humble birth. The story ran that the Decemvir,

unable to succeed by bribes and solicitations, resorted to an

outrageous act of tyranny. A vile dependent of the Claudian house

laid claim to the damsel as his slave. The cause was brought

before the tribunal of Appius. The wicked magistrate, in defiance

of the clearest proofs, gave judgment for the claimant. But the

girl's father, a brave soldier, saved her from servitude and

dishonor by stabbing her to the heart in the sight of the whole

Forum. That blow was the signal for a general explosion. Camp and

city rose at once; the Ten were pulled down; the Tribuneship was

re stablished; and Appius escaped the hands of the executioner?

only by a voluntary death.

It can hardly be doubted that a story so admirably adapted to the

purposes both of the poet and of the demagogue would be eagerly

seized upon by minstrels burning with hatred against the

Patrician order, against the Claudian house, and especially

against the grandson and namesake of the infamous Decemvir.

In order that the reader may judge fairly of these fragments of

the lay of Virginia, he must imagine himself a Plebeian who has

just voted for the re lection of Sextius and Licinius. All the?

power of the Patricians has been exerted to throw out the two

great champions of the Commons. Every Posthumius, milius, and?

Cornelius has used his influence to the utmost. Debtors have been

let out of the workhouses on condition of voting against the men

of the people; clients have been posted to hiss and interrupt the

favorite candidates; Appius Claudius Crassus has spoken with more

than his usual eloquence and asperity: all has been in vain,

Licinius and Sextius have a fifth time carried all the tribes:

work is suspended; the booths are closed; the Plebeians bear on

their shoulders the two champions of liberty through the Forum.

Just at this moment it is announced that a great poet, a zealous

adherent of the Tribunes, has made a new song which will cut the

Claudian nobles to the heart. The crowd gathers round him, and

calls on him to recite it. He takes his stand on the spot where,

according to tradition, Virginia, more than seventy years ago,

was seized by the pandar of Appius, and he begins his story.

Virginia

Fragments of a Lay Sung in the Forum on the Day Whereon Lucius

Sextius Sextinus Lateranus and Caius Licinius Calvus Stolo Were

Elected Tribunes of the Commons the Fifth Time, in the Year of

the City CCCLXXXII

Ye good men of the Commons, with loving hearts and true,

Who stand by the bold Tribunes that still have stood by you,

Come, make a circle round me, and mark my tale with care,

A tale of what Rome once hath borne, of what Rome yet may bear.

This is no Grecian fable, of fountains running wine,

Of maids with snaky tresses, or sailors turned to swine.

Here, in this very Forum, under the noonday sun,

In sight of all the people, the bloody deed was done.

Old men still creep among us who saw that fearful day,

Just seventy years and seven ago, when the wicked Ten bare sway.

Of all the wicked Ten still the names are held accursed,

And of all the wicked Ten Appius Claudius was the worst.

He stalked along the Forum like King Tarquin in his pride:

Twelve axes waited on him, six marching on a side;

The townsmen shrank to right and left, and eyed askance with fear

His lowering brow, his curling mouth which always seemed to

sneer;

That brow of hate, that mouth of scorn, marks all the kindred

still;

For never was there Claudius yet but wished the Commons ill;

Nor lacks he fit attendance; for close behind his heels,

With outstretched chin and crouching pace, the client Marcus

steals,

His loins girt up to run with speed, be the errand what it may,

And the smile flickering on his cheek, for aught his lord may

say.

Such varlets pimp and jest for hire among the lying Greeks:

Such varlets still are paid to hoot when brave Licinius speaks.

Where'er ye shed the honey, the buzzing flies will crowd;

Where'er ye fling the carrion, the raven's croak is loud;

Where'er down Tiber garbage floats, the greedy pike ye see;

And wheresoe'er such lord is found, such client still will be.

Just then, as through one cloudless chink in a black stormy

sky

Shines out the dewy morning-star, a fair young girl came by.

With her small tablets in her hand, and her satchel on her arm,

Home she went bounding from the school, nor dreamed of shame or

harm;

And past those dreaded axes she innocently ran,

With bright frank brow that had not learned to blush at gaze of

man;

And up the Sacred Street she turned, and, as she danced along,

She warbled gayly to herself lines of the good old song,

How for a sport the princes came spurring from the camp,

And found Lucrece, combing the fleece, under the midnight lamp.

The maiden sang as sings the lark, when up he darts his flight,

From his nest in the green April corn, to meet the morning light;

And Appius heard her sweet young voice, and saw her sweet young

face,

And loved her with the accursed love of his accursed race,

And all along the Forum, and up the Sacred Street,

His vulture eye pursued the trip of those small glancing feet.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Over the Alban mountains the light of morning broke;

From all the roofs of the Seven Hills curled the thin wreaths of

smoke:

The city-gates were opened; the Forum all alive

With buyers and with sellers was humming like a hive:

Blithely on brass and timber the craftsman's stroke was ringing,

And blithely o'er her panniers the market-girl was singing,

And blithely young Virginia came smiling from her home:

Ah! woe for young Virginia, the sweetest maid in Rome!

With her small tablets in her hand, and her satchel on her arm,

Forth she went bounding to the school, nor dreamed of shame or

harm.

She crossed the Forum shining with stalls in alleys gay,

And just had reached the very spot whereon I stand this day,

When up the varlet Marcus came; not such as when erewhile

He crouched behind his patron's heels with the true client smile:

He came with lowering forehead, swollen features, and clenched

fist,

And strode across Virginia's path, and caught her by the wrist.

Hard strove the frightened maiden, and screamed with look aghast;

And at her scream from right and left the folk came running fast;

The money-changer Crispus, with his thin silver hairs,

And Hanno from the stately booth glittering with Punic wares,

And the strong smith Mur na, grasping a half-forged brand,?

And Volero the flesher, his cleaver in his hand.

All came in wrath and wonder, for all knew that fair child;

And, as she passed them twice a day, all kissed their hands and

smiled;

And the strong smith Mur na gave Marcus such a blow,?

The caitiff reeled three paces back, and let the maiden go.

Yet glared he fiercely round him, and growled in harsh, fell

tone,

``She's mine, and I will have her, I seek but for mine own:

She is my slave, born in my house, and stolen away and sold,

The year of the sore sickness, ere she was twelve hours old.

'Twas in the sad September, the month of wail and fright,

Two augers were borne forth that morn; the Consul died ere night.

I wait on Appius Claudius, I waited on his sire:

Let him who works the client wrong beware the patron's ire.''

So spake the varlet Marcus; and dread and silence came

On all the people at the sound of the great Claudian name.

For then there was no Tribune to speak the word of might,

Which makes the rich man tremble, and guards the poor man's

right.

There was no brave Licinius, no honest Sixtius then;

But all the city, in great fear, obeyed the wicked Ten.

Yet ere the varlet Marcus again might seize the maid,

Who clung tight to Mur na's skirt, and sobbed, and shrieked for?

aid,

Forth through the throng of gazers the young Icilius pressed,

And stamped his foot, and rent his gown, and smote upon his

breast,

And sprang upon that column, by many a minstrel sung,

Whereon three mouldering helmets, three rusting swords, are hung,

And beckoned to the people, and in bold voice and clear

Poured thick and fast the burning words which tyrants quake to

hear.

``Now, by your children's cradles, now by your fathers'

graves,

Be men to-day, Quirites, or be forever slaves!

For this did Servius give us laws? For this did Lucrece bleed?

For this was the great vengeance wrought on Tarquin's evil seed?

For this did those false sons make red the axes of their sire?

For this did Sc vola's right hand hiss in the Tuscan fire??

Shall the vile fox-earth awe the race that stormed the lion's

den?

Shall we, who could not brook one lord, crouch to the wicked Ten?

Oh, for that ancient spirit which curbed the Senate's will!

Oh, for the tents which in old time whitened the Sacred Hill!

In those brave days our fathers stood firmly side by side;

They faced the Marcian fury; they tamed the Fabian pride:

They drove the fiercest Quinctius an outcast forth from Rome;

They sent the haughtiest Claudius with shivered fasces home.

But what their care bequeathed us our madness flung away:

All the ripe fruit of threescore years was blighted in a day.

Exult, ye proud Patricians! The hard-fought fight is o'er.

We strove for honors--'twas in vain; for freedom--'tis no more.

No crier to the polling summons the eager throng;

No Tribune breathes the word of might that guards the weak from

wrong.

Our very hearts, that were so high, sink down beneath your will.

Riches, and lands, and power, and state--ye have them:--keep them

still.

Still keep the holy fillets; still keep the purple gown,

The axes, and the curule chair, the car, and laurel crown:

Still press us for your cohorts, and, when the fight is done,

Still fill your garners from the soil which our good swords have

won.

Still, like a spreading ulcer, which leech-craft may not cure,

Let your foul usance eat away the substance of the poor.

Still let your haggard debtors bear all their fathers bore;

Still let your dens of torment be noisome as of yore;

No fire when Tiber freezes; no air in dog-star heat;

And store of rods for free-born backs, and holes for free-born

feet.

Heap heavier still the fetters; bar closer still the grate;

Patient as sheep we yield us up unto your cruel hate.

But, by the Shades beneath us, and by the gods above,

Add not unto your cruel hate your yet more cruel love!

Have ye not graceful ladies, whose spotless lineage springs

From Consuls, and High Pontiffs, and ancient Alban kings?

Ladies, who deign not on our paths to set their tender feet,

Who from their cars look down with scorn upon the wondering

street,

Who in Corinthian mirrors their own proud smiles behold,

And breathe the Capuan odors, and shine with Spanish gold?

Then leave the poor Plebeian his single tie to life--

The sweet, sweet love of daugther, of sister, and of wife,

The gentle speech, the balm for all that his vexed soul endures,

The kiss, in which he half forgets even such a yoke as yours.

Still let the maiden's beauty swell the father's breast with

pride;

Still let the bridegroom's arms infold an unpolluted bride.

Spare us the inexpiable wrong, the unutterable shame,

That turns the coward's heart to steel, the sluggard's blood to

flame,

Lest, when our latest hope is fled, ye taste of our despair,

And learn by proof, in some wild hour, how much the wretched

dare.''

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Straightway Virginius led the maid a little space aside,

To where the reeking shambles stood, piled up with horn and hide,

Close to yon low dark archway, where, in a crimson flood,

Leaps down to the great sewer the gurgling stream of blood.

Hard by, a flesher on a block had laid his whittle down:

Virginius caught the whittle up, and hid it in his gown.

And then his eyes grew very dim, and his throat began to swell,

And in a hoarse, changed voice he spake, ``Farewell, sweet child!

Farewell!

Oh! how I loved my darling! Though stern I sometimes be,

To thee, thou know'st, I was not so. Who could be so to thee?

And how my darling loved me! How glad she was to hear

My footstep on the threshold when I came back last year!

And how she danced with pleasure to see my civic crown,

And took my sword, and hung it up, and brought me forth my gown!

Now, all those things are over--yes, all thy pretty ways,

Thy needlework, thy prattle, thy snatches of old lays;

And none will grieve when I go forth, or smile when I return,

Or watch beside the old man's bed, or weep upon his urn.

The house that was the happiest within the Roman walls,

The house that envied not the wealth of Capua's marble halls,

Now, for the brightness of thy smile, must have eternal gloom,

And for the music of thy voice, the silence of the tomb.

The time is come. See how he points his eager hand this way!

See how his eyes gloat on thy grief, like a kite's upon the prey!

With all his wit, he little deems, that, spurned, betrayed,

bereft,

Thy father hath in his despair one fearful refuge left.

He little deems that in this hand I clutch what still can save

Thy gentle youth from taunts and blows, the portion of the slave;

Yea, and from nameless evil, that passeth taunt and blow--

Foul outrage which thou knowest not, which thou shalt never know.

Then clasp me round the neck once more, and give me one more

kiss;

And now mine own dear little girl, there is no way but this.''

With that he lifted high the steel, and smote her in the side,

And in her blood she sank to earth, and with one sob she died.

Then, for a little moment, all people held their breath;

And through the crowded Forum was stillness as of death;

And in another moment brake forth from one and all

A cry as if the Volscians were coming o'er the wall.

Some with averted faces shrieking fled home amain;

Some ran to call a leech; and some ran to lift the slain;

Some felt her lips and little wrist, if life might there be

found;

And some tore up their garments fast, and strove to stanch the

wound.

In vain they ran, and felt, and stanched; for never truer blow

That good right arm had dealt in fight agains a Volscian foe.

When Appius Claudius saw that deed, he shuddered and sank

down,

And hid his face some little space with the corner of his gown,

Till, with white lips and bloodshot eyes, Virginius tottered

nigh,

And stood before the judgment-seat, and held the knife on high.

``Oh! dwellers in the nether gloom, avengers of the slain,

By this dear blood I cry to you, do right between us twain;

And even as Appius Claudius hath dealt by me and mine,

Deal you by Appius Claudius and all the Claudian line!''

So spake the slayer of his child, and turned, and went his way;

But first he cast one haggard glance to where the body lay,

And writhed, and groaned a fearful groan, an then, with steadfast

feet,

Strode right across the market-place unto the Sacred Street.

Then up sprang Appius Claudius: ``Stop him; alive or dead!

Ten thousand pounds of copper to the man who brings his head.''

He looked upon his clients; but none would work his will.

He looked upon his lictors, but they trembled, and stood still.

And, as Virginius through the press his way in silence cleft,

Ever the mighty multitude fell back to right and left.

And he hath passed in safety unto his woeful home,

And there ta'en horse to tell the camp what deeds are done in

Rome.

By this the flood of people was swollen from every side,

And streets and porches round were filled with that o'erflowing

tide;

And close around the body gathered a little train

Of them that were the nearest and dearest to the slain.

They brought a bier, and hung it with many a cypress crown,

And gently they uplifted her, and gently laid her down.

The face of Appius Claudius wore the Claudian scowl and sneer,

And in the Claudian note he cried, ``What doth this rabble here?

Have they no crafts to mind at home, that hitherward they stray?

Ho! lictors, clear the market-place, and fetch the corpse away!''

The voice of grief and fury till then had not been loud;

But a deep sullen murmur wandered among the crowd,

Like the moaning noise that goes before the whirlwind on the

deep,

Or the growl of a fierce watch-dog but half aroused from sleep.

But when the lictors at that word, tall yeomen all and strong,

Each with his axe and sheaf of twigs, went down into the throng,

Those old men say, who saw that day of sorrow and of sin,

That in the Roman Forum was never such a din.

The wailing, hooting, cursing, the howls of grief and hate,

Were heard beyond the Pincian Hill, beyond the Latin Gate.

But close around the body, where stood the little train

Of them that were the nearest and dearest to the slain,

No cries were there, but teeth set fast, low whispers and black

frowns,

And breaking up of benches, and girding up of gowns.

'Twas well the lictors might not pierce to where the maiden lay,

Else surely had they been all twelve torn limb from limb that

day.

Right glad they were to struggle back, blood streaming from their

heads,

With axes all in splinters, and raiment all in shreads.

Then Appius Claudius gnawed his lip, and the blood left his

cheek,

And thrice he beckoned with his hand, and thrice he strove to

speak;

And thrice the tossing Forum set up a frightful yell:

``See, see, thou dog! what thou hast done; and hide thy shame in

hell!

Thou that wouldst make our maidens slaves must first make slaves

of men.

Tribunes! Hurrah for Trubunes! Down with the wicked Ten!''

And straightway, thick as hailstones, came whizzing through the

air,

Pebbles, and bricks, and potsherds, all round the curule chair:

And upon Appius Claudius great fear and trembling came,

For never was a Claudius yet brave against aught but shame.

Though the great houses love us not, we own, to do them right,

That the great houses, all save one, have borne them well in

fight.

Still Caius of Corioli, his triumphs and his wrongs,

His vengeance and his mercy, live in our camp-fire songs.

Beneath the yoke of Furius oft have Gaul and Tuscan bowed:

And Rome may bear the pride of him of whom herself is proud.

But evermore a Claudius shrinks from a stricken field,

And changes color like a maid at sight of sword and shield.

The Claudian triumphs all were won within the city towers;

The Claudian yoke was never pressed on any necks but ours.

A Cossus, like a wild cat, springs ever at the face;

A Fabius rushes like a boar against the shouting chase;

But the vile Claudian litter, raging with currish spite,

Still yelps and snaps at those who run, still runs from those who

smite.

So now 'twas seen of Appius. When stones began to fly,

He shook, and crouched, and wrung his hands, and smote upon his

thigh.

``Kind clients, honest lictors, stand by me in this fray!

Must I be torn in pieces? Home, home the nearest way!''

While yet he spake, and looked around with a bewildered stare,

Four sturdy lictors put their necks beneath the curule chair;

And fourscore clients on the left, and fourscore on the right,

Arrayed themselves with swords and staves, and loins girt up to

fight.

But, though without or staff or sword, so furious was the throng,

That scarce the train with might and main could bring their lord

along.

Twelve times the crowd made at him; five times they seized his

gown;

Small chance was his to rise again, if once they got him down:

And sharper came the pelting; and evermore the yell,--

``Tribunes! we will have Tribunes!''-- rose with a louder swell:

And the chair tossed as tosses a bark with tattered sail

When raves the Adriatic beneath an eastern gale,

When Calabrian sea-marks are lost in clouds of spume,

And the great Thunder-Cape has donned his veil of inky gloom.

One stone hit Appius in the mouth, and one beneath the ear;

And ere he reached Mount Palatine, he swooned with pain and fear.

His cursed head, that he was wont to hold so high with pride,

Now, like a drunken man's, hung down, and swayed from side to

side;

And when his stout retainers had brought him to his door,

His face and neck were all one cake of filth and clotted gore.

As Appius Claudius was that day, so may his grandson be!

God send Rome one such other sight, and send me there to see!

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The Prophecy of Capys

It can hardly be necessary to remind any reader that according to

the popular tradition, Romulus, after he had slain his granduncle

Amulius, and restored his grandfather Numitor, determined to quit

Alba, the hereditary domain of the Sylvian princes, and to found

a new city. The gods, it was added, vouchsafed the clearest signs

of the favor with which they regarded the enterprise, and of the

high destinies reserved for the young colony.

This event was likely to be a favorite theme of the old Latin

minstrels. They would naturally attribute the project of Romulus

to some divine intimation of the power and prosperity which it

was decreed that his city should attain. They would probably

introduce seers foretelling the victories of unborn Consuls and

Dictators, and the last great victory would generally occupy the

most conspicuous place in the prediction. There is nothing

strange in the supposition that the poet who was employed to

celebrate the first great triumph of the Romans over the Greeks

might throw his song of exultation into this form.

The occasion was one likely to excite the strongest feelings of

national pride. A great outrage had been followed by a great

retribution. Seven years before this time, Lucius Posthumius

Megellus, who sprang from one of the noblest houses of Rome, and

had been thrice Consul, was sent ambassador to Tarentum, with

charge to demand reparation for grievous injuries. The Tarentines

gave him audience in their theatre, where he addressed them in

such Greek as he could command, which, we may well believe, was

not exactly such as Cineas would have spoken. An exquisite sense

of the ridiculous belonged to the Greek character; and closely

connected with this faculty was a strong propensity to flippancy

and impertinence. When Posthumius placed an accent wrong, his

hearers burst into a laugh. When he remonstrated, they hooted

him, and called him barbarian; and at length hissed him off the

stage as if he had been a bad actor. As the grave Roman retired,

a buffoon, who, from his constant drunkenness, was nicknamed the

Pint-pot, came up with gestures of the grossest indecency, and

bespattered the senatorial gown with filth. Posthumius turned

round to the multitude, and held up the gown, as if appealing to

the universal law of nations. The sight only increased the

insolence of the Tarentines. They clapped their hands, and set up

a shout of laughter which shook the theatre. ``Men of Tarentum,''

said Posthumius, ``it will take not a little blood to wash this

gown.''

Rome, in consequence of this insult, declared war against the

Tarentines. The Tarentines sought for allies beyond the Ionian

Sea. Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, came to their help with a large

army; and, for the first time, the two great nations of antiquity

were fairly matched against each other.

The fame of Greece in arms, as well as in arts, was then at the

height. Half a century earlier, the career of Alexander had

excited the admiration and terror of all nations from the Ganges

to the Pillars of Hercules. Royal houses, founded by Macedonian

captains, still reigned at Antioch and Alexandria. That barbarian

warriors, led by barbarian chiefs, should win a pitched battle

against Greek valor guided by Greek science, seemed as incredible

as it would now seem that the Burmese or the Siamese should, in

the open plain, put to flight an equal number of the best English

troops. The Tarentines were convinced that their countrymen were

irresistible in war; and this conviction had emboldened them to

treat with the grossest indignity one whom they regarded as the

representative of an inferior race. Of the Greek generals then

living Pyrrhus was indisputably the first. Among the troops who

were trained in the Greek discipline his Epirotes ranked high.

His expedition to Italy was a turning-point in the history of the

world. He found there a people who, far inferior to the Athenians

and Corinthians in the fine arts, in the speculative sciences,

and in all the refinements of life, were the best soldiers on the

face of the earth. Their arms, their gradations of rank, their

order of battle, their method of intrenchment, were all of Latin

origin, and had all been gradually brought near to perfection,

not by the study of foreign models, but by the genius and

experience of many generations of great native commanders. The

first words which broke from the king, when his practised eye had

surveyed the Roman encampment, were full of meaning: ``These

barbarians,'' he said, ``have nothing barbarous in their military

arrangements.'' He was at first victorious; for his own talents

were superior to those of the captains who were opposed to him;

and the Romans were not prepared for the onset of the elephants

of the East, which were then for the first time seen in

Italy--moving mountains, with long snakes for hands. But the

victories of the Epirotes were fiercely disputed, dearly

purchased, and altogether unprofitable. At length, Manius Curius

Dentatus, who had in his first Consulship won two triumphs, was

again placed at the head of the Roman Commonwealth, and sent to

conquer the invaders. A great battle was fought near Beneventum.

Pyrrhus was completely defeated. He repassed the sea; and the

world learned, with amazement, that a people had been discovered

who, in fair fighting, were superior to the best troops that had

been drilled on the system of Parmenio and Antigonus.

The conquerors had a good right to exult in their success; for

their glory was all their own. They had not learned from their

enemy how to conquer him. It was with their own national arms,

and in their own national battle array, that they had overcome

weapons and tactics long believed to be invincible. The pilum and

the broadsword had vanquished the Macedonian spear. The legion

had broken the Macedonian phalanx. Even the elephants, when the

surprise produced by their first appearance was over, could cause

no disorder in the steady yet flexible battalions of Rome.

It is said by Florus, and may easily be believed, that the

triumph far surpassed in magnificence any that Rome had

previously seen. The only spoils which Papirius Cursor and Fabius

Maximus could exhibit were flocks and herds, wagons of rude

structure, and heaps of spears and helmets. But now, for the

first time, the riches of Asia and the arts of Greece adorned a

Roman pageant. Plate, fine stuffs, costly furniture, rare

animals, exquisite paintings and sculptures, formed part of the

procession. At the banquet would be assembled a crowd of warriors

and statesmen, among whom Manius Curius Dentatus would take the

highest room. Caius Fabricius Luscinus, then, after two

Consulships and two triumphs, Censor of the Commonwealth, would

doubtless occupy a place of honor at the board. In situations

less conspicuous probably lay some of those who were, a few years

later, the terror of Carthage: Caius Duilius, the founder of the

maritime greatness of his country; Marcus Atilius Regulus, who

owed to defeat a renown far higher than that which he had derived

from his victories; and Caius Lutatius Catalus, who, while

suffering from a grievous wound, fought the great battle of the

?ates, and brought the First Punic War to a triumphant close. It

is impossible to recount the names of these eminent citizens,

without reflecting that they were, without exception, Plebeians,

and would, but for the ever memorable struggle maintained by

Caius Licinius and Lucius Sextius, have been doomed to hide in

obscurity, or to waste in civil broils, the capacity and energy

which prevailed against Pyrrhus and Hamilcar.

On such a day we may suppose that the patriotic enthusiasm of a

Latin poet would vent itself in reiterated shouts of ``Io

triumphe,'' such as were uttered by Horace on a far less exciting

occasion, and in boasts resembling those which Virgil put into

the mouth of Anchises. The superiority of some foreign nations,

and especially of the Greeks, in the lazy arts of peace, would be

admitted with disdainful candor; but pre minence in all the?

qualities which fit a people to subdue and govern mankind would

be claimed for the Romans.

The following lay belongs to the latest age of Latin

ballad-poetry. N vis and Livius Andronicus were probably among?

the children whose mothers held them up to see the chariot of

Curius go by. The minstrel who sang on that day might possibly

have lived to read the first hexameters of Ennius, and to see the

first comedies of Plautus. His poem, as might be expected, shows

a much wider acquaintance with the geography, manners, and

productions of remote nations, than would have been found in

compositions of the age of Camillus. But he troubles himself

little about dates, and having heard travellers talk with

admiration of the Colossus of Rhodes, and of the structures and

gardens with which the Macedonian king of Syria had embellished

their residence on the banks of the Orontes, he has never thought

of inquiring whether these things existed in the age of Romulus.

The Prophecy of Capys

A Lay Sung at the Banquet in the Capitol, on the Day Whereon

Manius Curius Dentatus, a Second Time Consul, Triumphed Over King

Pyrrhus and the Tarentines, in the Year of the City CCCCLXXIX

Now slain is King Amulius,

Of the great Sylvian line,

Who reigned in Alba Longa,

On the throne of Aventine.

Slain is the Ponfiff Camers,

Who spake the words of doom:

``The children to the Tiber,

The mother to the tomb.''

In Alba's lake no fisher

His net to-day is flinging;

On the dark rind of Alba's oaks

To-day no axe is ringing;

The yoke hangs o'er the manger;

The scythe lies in the hay:

Through all the Alban villages

No work is done to-day.

III

And every Alban burgher

Hath donned his whitest gown;

And every head in Alba

Weareth a poplar crown;

And every Alban door-post

With boughs and flowers is gay,

For to-day the dead are living,

The lost are found to-day.

They were doomed by a bloody king,

They were doomed by a lying priest,

They were cast on the raging flood,

They were tracked by the raging beast;

Raging beast and raging flood

Alike have spared the prey;

And to-day the dead are living,

The lost are found to-day.

The troubled river knew them,

And smoothed his yellow foam,

And gently rocked the cradle

That bore the fate of Rome.

The ravening she-wolf knew them,

And licked them o'er and o'er,

And gave them of her own fierce milk,

Rich with raw flesh and gore.

Twenty winters, twenty springs,

Since then have rolled away;

And to-day the dead are living:

The lost are found to-day.

Blithe it was to see the twins,

Right goodly youths and tall,

Marching from Alba Longa

To their old grandsire's hall.

Along their path fresh garlands

Are hung from tree to tree:

Before them stride the pipers,

Piping a note of glee.

VII

On the right goes Romulus,

With arms to the elbows red,

And in his hand a broadsword,

And on the blade a head--

A head in an iron helmet,

With horse-hair hanging down,

A shaggy head, a swarthy head,

Fixed in a ghastly frown--

The head of King Amulius

Of the great Sylvian line,

Who reigned in Alba Longa,

On the throne of Aventine.

VIII

On the left side goes Remus,

With wrists and fingers red,

And in his hand a boar-spear,

And on the point a head--

A wrinkled head and aged,

With silver beard and hair,

And holy fillets round it,

Such as the pontiffs wear--

The head of ancient Camers,

Who spake the words of doom:

``The children to the Tiber;

The mother to the tomb.''

Two and two behind the twins

Their trusty comrades go,

Four and forty valiant men,

With club, and axe, and bow.

On each side every hamlet

Pours forth its joyous crowd,

Shouting lads and baying dogs,

And children laughing loud,

And old men weeping fondly

As Rhea's boys go by,

And maids who shriek to see the heads,

Yet, shrieking, press more nigh.

So marched they along the lake;

They marched by fold and stall,

By cornfield and by vineyard,

Unto the old man's hall.

In the hall-gate sat Capys,

Capys, the sightless seer;

From head to foot he trembled

As Romulus drew near.

And up stood stiff his thin white hair,

And his blind eyes flashed fire:

``Hail! foster child of the wondrous nurse!

Hail! son of the wondrous sire!''

XII

``But thou--what dost thou here

In the old man's peaceful hall?

What doth the eagle in the coop,

The bison in the stall?

Our corn fills many a garner;

Our vines clasp many a tree;

Our flocks are white on many a hill:

But these are not for thee.

XIII

``For thee no treasure ripens

In the Tartessian mine;

For thee no ship brings precious bales

Across the Libyan brine;

Thou shalt not drink from amber;

Thou shalt not rest on down;

Arabia shall not steep thy locks,

Nor Sidon tinge thy gown.

XIV

``Leave gold and myrrh and jewels,

Rich table and soft bed,

To them who of man's seed are born,

Whom woman's milk have fed.

Thou wast not made for lucre,

For pleasure, nor for rest;

Thou, that art sprung from the War-god's loins,

And hast tugged at the she-wolf's breast.

``From sunrise unto sunset

All earth shall hear thy fame:

A glorious city thou shalt build,

And name it by thy name:

And there, unquenched through ages,

Like Vesta's sacred fire,

Shall live the spirit of thy nurse,

The spirit of thy sire.

XVI

``The ox toils through the furrow,

Obedient to the goad;

The patient ass, up flinty paths,

Plods with his weary load:

With whine and bound the spaniel

His master's whistle hears;

And the sheep yields her patiently

To the loud-clashing shears.

XVII

``But thy nurse will hear no master,

Thy nurse will bear no load;

And woe to them that shear her,

And woe to them that goad!

When all the pack, loud baying,

Her bloody lair surrounds,

She dies in silence, biting hard,

Amidst the dying hounds.

XVIII

Pomona loves the orchard;

And Liber loves the vine;

And Pales loves the straw-built shed

Warm with the breath of kine;

And Venus loves the whispers

Of plighted youth and maid,

In April's ivory moonlight

Beneath the chestnut shade.

XIX

``But thy father loves the clashing

Of broadsword and of shield:

He loves to drink the steam that reeks

From the fresh battlefield:

He smiles a smile more dreadful

Than his own dreadful frown,

When he sees the thick black cloud of smoke

Go up from the conquered town.

``And such as is the War-god,

The author of thy line,

And such as she who suckled thee,

Even such be thou and thine.

Leave to the soft Campanian

His baths and his perfumes;

Leave to the sordid race of Tyre

Their dyeing-vats and looms;

Leave to the sons of Carthage

The rudder and the oar;

Leave to the Greek his marble Nymphs

And scrolls of wordy lore.

XXI

``Thine, Roman, is the pilum:

Roman, the sword is thine,

The even trench, the bristling mound,

The legion's ordered line;

And thine the wheels of triumph,

Which with their laurelled train

Move slowly up the shouting streets

To Jove's eternal flame.

XXII

Beneath thy yoke the Volscian

Shall vail his lofty brow;

Soft Capua's curled revellers

Before thy chairs shall bow:

The Lucumoes of Arnus

Shall quake thy rods to see;

And the proud Samnite's heart of steel

Shall yield to only thee.

XXIII

``The Gaul shall come against thee

From the land of snow and night;

Thou shalt give his fair-haired armies

To the raven and the kite.

XXIV

``The Greek shall come against thee,

The conqueror of the East.

Beside him stalks to battle

The huge earth-shaking beast,

The beast on whom the castle

With all its guards doth stand,

The beast who hath between his eyes

The serpent for a hand.

First march the bold Epirotes,

Wedged close with shield and spear

And the ranks of false Tarentum

Are glittering in the rear.

XXV

The ranks of false Tarentum

Like hunted sheep shall fly:

In vain the bold Epirotes

Shall round their standards die:

And Apennine's gray vultures

Shall have a noble feast

On the fat and the eyes

Of the the huge earth-shaking beast.

XXVI

``Hurrah! for the good weapons

That keep the War-god's land.

Hurrah! for Rome's stout pilum

In a stout Roman hand.

Hurrah! for Rome's short broadsword

That through the thick array

Of levelled spears and serried shields

Hews deep its gory way.

XXVII

``Hurrah! for the great triumph

That stretches many a mile.

Hurrah! for the wan captives

That pass in endless file.

Ho! bold Epirotes, whither

Hath the Red King taken flight?

Ho! dogs of false Tarentum,

Is not the gown washed white?

XXVIII

``Hurrah! for the great triumph

That stretches many a mile.

Hurrah! for the rich dye of Tyre,

And the fine web of Nile,

The helmets gay with plumage

Torn from the pheasant's wings,

The belts set thick with starry gem

That shone on Indian kings,

The urns of massy silver,

The goblets rough with gold,

The many-colored tablets bright

With loves and wars of old,

The stone that breathes and struggles,

The brass that seems to speak;--

Such cunning they who dwell on high

Have given unto the Greek.

XXIX

``Hurrah! for Manius Curius,

The bravest son of Rome,

Thrice in utmost need sent forth,

Thrice drawn in triumph home.

Weave, weave, for Manius Curius

The third embroidered gown:

Make ready the third lofty car,

And twine the third green crown;

And yoke the steeds of Rosea

With necks like a bended bow,

And deck the bull, Mevania's bull,

The bull as white as snow.

XXX

``Blest and thrice blest the Roman

Who sees Rome's brightest day,

Who sees that long victorious pomp

Wind down the Sacred Way,

And through the bellowing Forum,

And round the Suppliant's Grove,

Up to the everlasting gates

Of Capitolian Jove.

XXXI

``Then where, o'er two bright havens,

The towers of Corinth frown;

Where the gigantic King of Day

On his own Rhodes looks down;

Where oft Orontes murmurs

Beneath the laurel shades;

Where Nile reflects the endless length

Of dark red colonnades;

Where in the still deep water,

Sheltered from waves and blasts,

Bristles the dusky forest

Of Byrsa's thousand masts;

Where fur-clad hunters wander

Amidst the northern ice;

Where through the sand of morning-land

The camel bears the spice;

Where Atlas flings his shadow

Far o'er the western foam,

Shall be great fear on all who hear

The might name of Rome.''

End of The Project Gutenberg Etext of Lays of Ancient Rome, by Macaulay

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