ABSTRACT
Comparative Analysis of the Profile of Safety and analgesic efficacy of S (+)
ketamine with or without morphine in epidural anesthesia for Abdominal
Hysterectomy. Daniela Lima Chow Castillo. Professor Maria Elisabete Amaral de
Moraes. Dissertation presented for the degree of master in Pharmacology.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Faculty of Medicine. Federal
University of Ceará.
The association of drugs with different mechanisms of action in the dorsal horn of the
spinal cord decreases postoperative pain, with a reduction in the incidence of side
effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate some intraoperative parameters as well
as postoperative analgesia and sedation by epidural morphine, S(+)ketamine and
S(+) ketamine- morphine associated with Bupivacaine Enantiomeric Mixture
(R75L25%) for abdominal hysterectomy. In this prospective, randomized, and
double-blinded clinical trial, the efficacy and safety of the administration of epidural
S(+)ketamine alone or with morphine were compared with epidural morphine alone
(control group) for efficacy and safety comparisons after abdominal hysterectomy. 36
female patients, physical status ASA I and II, participated in this study. These
patients were randomly allocated to one of the three treatment groups for having the
following drugs administered epidurally: 1. Ketamine Group - Bupivacaine
Enantiomeric Mixture (R75L25%) associated with S(+) ketamine (0.4 mg.kg-
1
); 2.
Ketamine-Morphine Group - Bupivacaine Enantiomeric Mixture (R75L25%)
associated S(+) ketamine (0.4 mg.kg
-1
) and morphine (1 mg) 3. Morphine Group,
Bupivacaine Enantiomeric Mixture (R75L25%) was associated with morphine (2mg).
During the intraoperative period the parameters analyzed were: blood pressure, heart
rate, motor blockade level, sensitive level, intraoperative use of vasoconstrictor and
sedation level. The time interval between each dada collection was 15 minutes. In the
postoperative period, analgesia were evaluated using analogue visual scale 2h, 6h
and 24h after the end of the surgery as well as the total amount of analgesics drugs
requirement during the first 24 postoperative hours. Values were analyzed
statistically using GraphPad Prisma 4.0 and Excel 2007. There were no differences
between the three groups with respect to age, sex, weight, or duration of the surgical
procedures (p<0,05). No differences were found between the groups during
intraoperative analysis related to blood pressure, heart rate, Ramsay scores,
vasoconstrictor use, and sensitive blockade level. Bromage’s scores were lower in
the morpine/s+ketamine group during the first fifteen minutes analysis. Sedation
scores were similar in both groups. The epidural blockade alone was not enough for
surgical anesthesia resulting in conversion to general anesthesia in 4 patients who
belong to Ketamine-morphine (02 patients) and Morphine (02 patients) groups,
respectively. None of the patients in either group developed respiratory depression.
Other side effects, such as pruritus, nausea, and vomiting, were also similar in both
groups. The addiction of s(+) ketamine was safety and efficient to Bupivacaine
Enantiomeric Mixture (R75L25%) in comparison with morphine.
Key Words: postoperative analgesia, multimodal analgesia, morphine, S(+)
Ketamine, Bupivacaine Enantiometric Mixture (R75L25%), epidural anesthesia.