59
2.3.1.1 A formação dos regimes
A formação de um regime é um processo por meio do qual novas formas
políticas emergem fora do domínio político e fatores internos ou externos à área específica
requerem transformações na lei ou na regulação. No Quadro 3 são abordados os fatores
que, segundo diversos autores, acionam a formação de regimes.
A partir da leitura de Braman (2004b) pode-se verificar que algumas abordagens
enfatizam os fatores relacionados à hegemeonia, tais como Young
28
(1982), Keohane
29
(1980), Keohane e Nye Jr.
30
(1998), Yeutter
31
(1988), Kaempfer e Lowenberg
32
(1999), ou ao
surgimento de novos atores políticos, como Cutler, Porter e Haufler
33
(1999) e Haufler
34
(2001). Outras abordagens relacionam a formação de regimes à tentativa de lidar com
conflitos e disputas, enfatizando falhas nos arcabouços jurídicos existentes, tais como
Gallarotti
35
(1991), Keeley
36
(1990), Kim e Hart
37
(2002), Risse
38
(2000), ou mesmo como
fruto da necessidade de uma nova forma de coordenação, como os trabalhos de Cox
39
(1997), Corrales e Feinberg
40
(1999), Goldstein
41
(1986), Lipson
42
(1991), Stein
43
(1982). Os
28
YOUNG, O.R. Regime Dynamics: the rise and fall of international regimes. International Organization,
v.36, n.2, 1982, p.277-297
29
KEOHANE, R.O. The theory of hegemonic stability and changes in international economic regimes: 1967-
1977. In: HOLSTI, R.; SIVERSON, R; GEORGE, A. (eds). Change in the international system. Boulder:
Westview Press, 1980, p.131-1621980
30
KEOHANE, R.O.; NYE Jr., J.S. Power and interdependence in the information age. Foreign Affairs, v.77,
n.5, 1988, p.81-94
31
YEUTTER,C. Negotiating intellectual property rights protection. In: WALKER, E.E.; BLOOMFIELD, M.A.
(eds). Intellectual property rights and capital formation in the next decade. Boston: University Press of
America, 1998, p.109-116
32
KAEMPFER, W.H.; LOWENBERG, A.D. The ivory bandwagon: international transmission of interest-group
politics. Independent Review, v.4, n.2, 1999, p.217-239
33
CUTLER, A.C.; PORTER, T.; HAUFLER, V. (eds). Private authority and international affairs. Albany, NY:
State University Press, 1999.
34
HAUFLER,V. A public role for the private sector: industry self regulation in a global eonomy. Washington
DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2001
35
GALLAROTTI, G.M. The limits of international organization: systematic failure in the management of
international relations. International Organization, v.45, 1991, p.183-220
36
KEELEY, J.F. Towards a foucaultian analysis of international regimes. International Organization, v.44,
n.1, 1990, p.83-105
37
KIM, S.; HART, J.A. The global political economy of wintelism: a new mode of power and governance in
the global computer industry. In: ROSENAU, J.N.. SINGH, J.P. (eds). Information technologies and
global politics: th changing scope of power and governance. Albany: SUNY Press, 2002, p. 143-168
38
RISSE, T. Let’s argue! Communicative action in world politics. International Organization, v.54, n.1, 2000,
p.1-41
39
COX, R.W. The new realism: perspectives on multilateralism and world order. New York: St. Martins Pres,
1997.
40
CORRALES, J.; FEINBERG, R.E. Regimes of cooperation in the western hemisphere: Power, interests,
and intellectual traditions. International Studies Quartely, v.43, n.1, 1999, p.1-36
41
GOLDSTEIN, J.L. The political economy of trade: institutions of protection. American Political Science
Review, v.80, 1986, p.161-184
42
LIPSON, C. Why are some international agreements informal? International Organization, v.45, n.3, 1991,
p.495-538
43
STEIN, A.A. Coordeination and collaboration: regimes in na anarchic world. International Organization,
v.36, n.2, 1982, p.299-324