Lunde et al., 2006, Meyer et al., 2006, Penicka et al., 2007, Strauer et al.,
2005, Tendera et al., 2009) and cerebral infarction (Correa et al., 2007,
Mendonca et al., 2006). The transplanted cell population was
characterized using a well-defined set of phenotypic markers, and
we observed many phenotypes that included different progenitor
cells. Moreover, the functional characterization of fibroblastic like
cells confirmed the presence of putative progenitor cells of mesen-
chymal lineages.
We have previously reported preliminary data from this study that
indicated that the procedure was safe (Battistella et al., 2008) and that
the cells labeled with
99m
Tc migrated to the brain of the first patient
enrolled (Barbosa da Fonseca et al., 2009). Here, we provide further
evidence that BMMC homing occurs in the brain after intra-arterial
injection in chronic stroke. Furthermore, we provide for the first time
the quantification of cell uptake in the brain and in other organs after
cell therapy for stroke. A study with an animal model of stroke has
suggested that the abundance and responsiveness of bone marrow
progenitor cells to gradients of factors such as Stromal Derived Factor-
1 may decrease with age and reduce the chemoattraction of such cells
to the damaged tissue (Kucia et al., 2006). However, it is not currently
possible to explain the wide variability of homing between patients,
and there are probably multiple variables involved that remain to be
investigated in future studies.
In summary, we would like to suggest that non-invasive imaging
modalities such as the one described in this study can be used to
monitor the delivery and tracking of cells, and may improve
understanding of possible functional responses in the setting of
chronic stroke. Moreover, the advantages offered by other imaging
modalities, such as cell labeling with SPIO for MRI, could be used in the
future in conjunction with SPECT to provide further information on
cell homing.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Daniel Richard Mercante and Dr. Cristiane
Amaral Garcia Mendonça for bone-marrow harvesting. Dr. Janet W. Reid
revised the English text. This study was supported by grants from the
Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de
Janeiro (FAPERJ) to Bianca Gutfilen (grant number 180.011/2005) and
to Rosalia Mendez-Otero (grant number 110.391/2007); and a grant
from the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Science and Technology of
Brazil to Rosalia Mendez-Otero (grant number 552201/2005-7).
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.010.
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
Please cite this article as: Barbosa da Fonseca, L.M., et al., Migration and homing of bone-marrow mononuclear cells in chronic ischemic
stroke after intra-arterial injection, Exp. Neurol. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.10.010