ads:
COPPE/UFRJCOPPE/UFRJ
! "
"# $%# &'(
&)' "* ( %'%+! ,%!-
&&- %!! . !
%!-($# /"!!#%0!1
2#%* #3#". "# ( %'%+!
,%!4
!%# 56% &!
! %!
"#"2 7889
ads:
Livros Grátis
http://www.livrosgratis.com.br
Milhares de livros grátis para download.
! "
& :
&;<=&><?@&&A
&
>B&=<
<?4
$ $5
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&646% &!-&+44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&64. " &%#!2!-&+44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&64 (D!($-&+44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&64"3!'.+#-&+44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&64"%#!!%%-&+44
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
&64E!.#%:"($!+!##!" -&+44
-
7889
ads:
"- !
!%6."F%! #!! (.2
2.%*#( !%,(! %"#.4G
! "4H! %!5
G&&-78894
I-JKL$47L-M(
!%# 56% &!
@ "# AHG&&G&'(
%'%+!,%!-78894
6%!!2.!'06!5$4JNJJKN4
J4%#!"($.%#0#!474."O
. P4 !2!.! 4 N4 .4 4 &!-
6% 44%!! . !
%!-&&-&'( %'%+!,%!4
4!#".4
!!!
QR/"./"#('( #( !S
$'"!"%+T4
!
AGRADECIMENTOS
' * # /". /"- !%U( 6(- %#!2"3( $
.!* $%#- %#/"! !#5
− (!%+6(3.!-$.$!1(!%+$*S$6!!%!V
− %#- $ # # (" . - 2% "# % ((%#
!6!". V
− ("!%# (!'6% &!- $. $!- !%%#!
$!F%!-2% ((%# Q$ (!%+T Q(($". !
2!OTV
− ("(!'% %'%.!%-$.% +
.(*- # "#+V
− (" ($%+! '"$ %'6! 3! &'(
%'%+!,%!@&%A-/"($$!%("(6)"(U%!- .#
%3.-$ !" ! D!/"+W($S##2.+V
− ! (!6"%!%0! &%-($$%#(W" !6
2"! %!! V
− &'( %'%+!,%! &&-/"# %#
$"!%#!#"!*S/"$!2!.!#( %.!(%# !F%!(%$3V
− &-$.6!%%!(%# (/". .!* # %"%!
$3.4
"( $%# 1&&G($# /"!!#%0!
$2#%* '" "#(!F%!@44A4
! "
"#"2G7889
!%# 56% &!
&'(5%'%+!,%!
$%##2.+6!%#!'* 2.%*#( !%,(!#D
%#&.-%%"#.-$#!".(%#2$%# !# !%6."F%!
#!! (.4#D"(/"# .,%!2.!( -
! 1!%6."F%!2'!S+ 6(* 0'" 6"% $6"%
%#!%%#%#0#!4
&# !2!.! (. $X #! ( )#!
#%. % #D %#&.% 2Y$$'% (!%#*
(6."O(D !4&($%+(%# )#!-6! %.! "((D#
+32! /"%! #3#! !%,(!!%(0#! (%#4
$#! "(2.%* .". %#!"($.%#0#!-
!( .$(D#! "(!(".*%"(D!-2#!(%#!(#!
6."O .#!2"3 1#!! (..%' %#&.4
'"!-.!% .#!(#!#($#" "$63! (-2#! $
#D.!#-1#"#"#!.- ! "(!(".*%"(D!-2#!(.
6."O .$.$#"2*S($#3!("#(D# ($'
%##2.+%#!(%#$"2.! 4!".# %6!((+!$)#
#!! (.(%!(%0!$2.%*#( !%,(!".
%# !"($. %#0#!- .D( 6% "( 6(%# $
($%+(%# ."*#($. 6."O .#D %"#.4
!
2## 6 +! $%# # &&G $#!. 6".6!..(%# 6 #+
/"!(%#6#+ '6#6!%@44A
?Z??Z
??
! "
#2G7889
!56% &!
$#(%#5%!%'!%!%'
+$%#+!!(#!%#!'#!%'#+#+( Y%(!2.%#+"'+#+
&.%#-!%#+"#+%%4++6" !%#+.6#+(.
#!!#Y4%.!(#!%-#+!!%!($#%#!" "##+ !#!%6."%
2##(% $[#6(#!%!#"% %##!4
&# 6 #+ (. !2!.!#Y [ +#! #! #%.#!%'
#+"'+#+&.%#% $#2Y[$$'#!%'"% #+!%6."%6
#+(%6.[4! %#!6Y#+#!-(' (#+ .'Y(2!%!%' Y%(!%
!%(#!$(#[ .$ 4
[#!(#6#++#6."O#+"'+#+&.%# "##+(.
#!!#Y[!%!#!..Y2#!% "!%'#+ !#!%#$$+5+#2.%-#[
$(#!( .% %"(!!(".#!%4-#+!%#'#!%6"6
.#!%% #($#"%(.Y6!. -2#!% 6(#..!#!('Y-[!#+#+
#!.#"#"6(#+( .".#-. #+#6."O#!(#!%#+#'[!#+
$!".Y(%#!% (#+ % #+2!2.!'$+Y4+".#%6!(#++Y$#+!
#+##+(.#!!#Y!#+(+%!(%Y#.#+#+( Y%(!
2.%"#+6#+%##!!"($."%#4 !#!%..Y-#.[#2.!+
#6..[#+#!(."#!%6#++#6."O#+"'+#+"#+%%4
!!
Sumário
1 - INTRODUÇÃO..........................................................................................................1
1.1 - OBJETIVO GERAL E MOTIVAÇÃO................................................................1
1.2 - CONTEXTO CLIMÁTICO.................................................................................3
1.3 - ENTENDENDO A CORRENTE CIRCUMPOLAR ANTÁRTICA.................11
Balanço dinâmico da CCA.....................................................................................15
1.4 - O PAPEL DA VARIBILIDADE DE MESO-ESCALA....................................19
1.5 - OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS E ESTRUTURA DA TESE................................22
2 - BASES DE DADOS E MODELAGEM UTILIZADAS..........................................25
2.1 - WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2001 (WOD01)..............................................25
2.2 - ALTIMETRIA DA SUPERFÍCIE DO MAR AVISO.......................................27
2.3 - MODELAGEM NUMÉRICA............................................................................28
O “Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model” (HYCOM).................................................29
Configuração da simulação....................................................................................30
3 - CIRCULAÇÃO MÉDIA NO OCEANO AUSTRAL – CÁLCULO
GEOSTRÓFICO..............................................................................................................32
4 - TROCAS ATRAVÉS DA CCA – UMA VISÃO CIRCUMPOLAR.......................47
4.1 - PRIMEIRA ETAPA – BALANÇO DE ENERGIA...........................................49
4.2 - SEGUNDA ETAPA – MODELO PARAMÉTRICO BASEADO EM
ALTIMETRIA............................................................................................................52
4.3 - TERCEIRA ETAPA – MODELO PARAMÉTRICO BASEADO NA
CLIMATOLOGIA......................................................................................................54
5 - AVALIAÇÃO DA SIMULAÇÃO GLOBAL COM O MODELO HYCOM PARA
O OCEANO AUSTRAL.................................................................................................65
5.1 - ANÁLISE DO TRANSPORTE E VELOCIDADES MÉDIAS.........................65
5.2 - ANÁLISE DA VARIABILIDADE DE MESO-ESCALA ...............................70
6 - ESTIMATIVAS DO FLUXO DE TEMPERATURA PELA ATIVIDADE DE
MESO-ESCALA A PARTIR DOS RESULTADOS DA SIMULAÇÃO.......................77
6.1 - DETERMINANDO A FRENTE POLAR NOS RESULTADOS DA
SIMULAÇÃO.............................................................................................................77
6.2 - CALCULO DOS FLUXOS DE TEMPERATURA ATRAVÉS DA FRENTE
POLAR.......................................................................................................................82
7 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL DA VARIABILIDADE...............................................87
7.1 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL DO CAMPO MÉDIO – MODELO
GEOSTRÓFICO.........................................................................................................87
7.2 - MODOS VERTICAIS OBSERVADOS A PARTIR DE UM FUNDEIO NA
FRENTE POLAR.......................................................................................................90
7.3 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL NA FRENTE POLAR SEGUNDO A
SIMULAÇÃO NUMÉRICA......................................................................................94
8 - ESTIMATIVA DO FLUXO DE TEMPERATURA A PARTIR DE DADOS
SUPERFICIAIS E DA ESTRUTURA DERIVADA DA SIMULAÇÃO.......................99
9 - CARACTERIZANDO AS PERTURBAÇÕES DE MESO-ESCALA NA FRENTE
POLAR..........................................................................................................................107
!!!
9.1 - OS VÓRTICES NA PORÇÃO ADJACENTE AO OCEANO ATLÂNTICO
SUL DO OCEANO AUSTRAL...............................................................................109
Parâmetro de Okubo-Weiss..................................................................................110
Critério Cinemático..............................................................................................111
Integração entre o parâmetro de Okubo-Weiss e o critério cinemático...............113
Resultados............................................................................................................113
Estrutura vertical..................................................................................................121
9.2 - PROPAGAÇÃO DE ONDAS DE ROSSBY NA FRENTE POLAR..............123
Resultados para os dados de altimetria................................................................125
Resultados para a simulação numérica................................................................129
10 - CONCLUSÕES.....................................................................................................131
11 - REFERÊNCIAS....................................................................................................141
12 - ANEXO 1 .............................................................................................................155
!O
1 - INTRODUÇÃO
1.1 - OBJETIVO GERAL E MOTIVAÇÃO
$%# #2.+ #( ( 2W#! '. i
nvestigar o balanço
nvestigar o balanço
termodinâmico no Oceano Austral, particularmente sob o ponto de vista da
termodinâmico no Oceano Austral, particularmente sob o ponto de vista da
contribuição da atividade de meso-escala
contribuição da atividade de meso-escala
4
4
.2W#!"' +!$)# Q#!! (.T"(
$!%!$! $ $%0! $. 6."O %'! #D %#
!"($.%#0#!@A-$!%!$.6!* !".*%%"#.4#
$"! !%6."F%! #(!%%# 2 % + 6(* B'" "%
%#0#!@A-"(( \0'" # !($#,%!2!#(.!(0#!
4
6$!%!$. !%##02'! %"#. W%#
%#.,%#!". E .@!'4JA4(#!*$!##0%6#
E . $%0. $. ! (! % -
W"%#(%#( -$.6(* (!$# ."( #@!et
al.-JLLLA4.D( !-(#!2"!% (!!($#,%!1$'(
] ( # #% 0'" !%#( !0! % !%#" .!(%#
(! !%.4!(-$ ##D ## %"#.#
!#(%# %# ( (2 ( Q/"%#T Q6!T D.".
.!(%#(! !%.- !#!'!%.(%#(]@JLLJA4
J
Figura 1. ".# .! ("$63!@(GA ( .QPoseidon Ocean ModelT(#%
#"#"6'(%# %#!"($.%#0#!-(F%! $#"2*S (
.4((.+# # $* %"#. W%#%#.,%#!".
( E . -$!%!$!'!S 6(* B'" "% %#0#!@ $#
^.!%'et al. 788NA4
".'(%0!%#O#".!(#!* $%##2.+$%#
$$. !".*%%"#.-$#!".(%# !".*(! !%.-2
!#(.!(0#! 4#6(-%#!%"(!%# "*("(2
!* !#(.!(0#!-$%#% "(D! %!#!($#%#/"
"#!.! % #O#4
%##%#-$$ (($% ($#(%#%#!2"!*
#!! (.#%%0!%#($% !".*(D !%
/".##0!%! 4&#!(-!(-('"! -$ !* $!%!$.
6!*%'06! %"#.-%#!"($.%#0#!@A--
%#-# # !%6."F%! #!! (.%#!#(4
&6!(-%"((2W#!$36!#* -! %!% 6(
(#.!'(2W#!'.%+!(%#W0O!#%#4
7
1.2 - CONTEXTO CLIMÁTICO
!".*S#(6D!,%!$%#("($$.6"% (%#.2
.!( 4(.-"(/"!.32! !#!!$ (!%%#.!(("!#
(!-((! !6%*'!%!%!4!(-$ ( !/"
#(6%%!#(('%#( .!(#D !
$5(#)! %'!-"(".% %'!#D(!($3
(!/"%#$ $!.!20.("#(!6!V !#!2"!% .
'!S((!!%! F%! !*.@#)$!A$'!SQ(!6!T
@$.A4
%#%#- #! $ ( . ("!# !#!%# %# !
($#!(%#4! 1(!$! #D(! 0'"1#3#!
!".*'.(!%+-%(%(!.$(!#($-$"!%
!((!6#!! ("!.!((($*"#($%%#
!#(.!(0#!@#_% ?-JLM`A4'"% "%%!'+(@788KA-$
(.+%#(#(/"%#!##!-. #($.!% 6."O
. % #(6 2( (! "# /" /". %4 %/"%# %
#(6.#($! ( (-$# % 0(
. D (!.+ %4
6(- !%! %# (" %* % .!( /" $(
#%(!#! %#F("(#($ #%("!#.%'$#(64.
%*DO$(#2.+( E!'.Y@788KA/"-." !% 1/"#
(" %*.!(0#!'.2!("-%6#!5Q(/"($!*#(6D!
66!O +W-#($#"(D !'.2.%3.(D ! (%#!%"!(
"2! ! 1!%D!#D(! %T4
& %#% ( #. /"!.32! - %!#( $!(! %#%
!".*,%!$ 6."O .%/a%# !%#* #(
#(64!!% -%!#( #.'"%$%#+ !#(,%!
(!%6."F%!$$% %#2.!( 4
#,(2!#- % 6(* ( \0'" %!#( ( 0
$#!".(%#!($#%#- ! 1$! $!%!#(6D!.!
/"!! 1( ! /"#6"% ($!%#! %40'"$6"%
P
6"% -2(("'!S 6(*- # !($#,%!$
!#(.!(0#!4
.!('(%(#%!# circulação termohalina-#2.+ $
! "#4 #((. _ % @JL`8-2A #( %# %0! $.
$!%!!(% %.!(%# "(#! !%,(!$O$.!$ S
"( !".* $6"% #!%0!- '! $. !#!2"!* Q6%#T
Q"(! "Q 0'"4%#% ($Q6%#T'!S 6(* (
\0'"Q$6"% G 6"% T$Q"(! "T(!%+ #% #!0'"
1 ( (! "$6!!!4 6( (! $!- +(!# @JLLKA 6!%
!".* #(+.!% ( % 6* $. !* %! -
%/a%#(%# QbuoyanceQ-! 6."O . 0'" #D
!%#6(4
( !*( % #%!#D $]@JLLJA-/"$$S
O!#F%! "('% !%#" .!(%#(! !%.@Qgreat conveyor beltTA
.!'% "(% 6(* ( \0'"$6"% -..! %
<%.,% !-#%# %("% !.@!'47A4
"(6('.-#!%#"$ !! ! ( !(4(6!
D($#$.0'"$6"% 6( %#.,%#!#-"(!%+$".
!%$*%%#!"($.%#0#!@A-$#!(%# %#%
2! b% ! &36! % #% 1 ( "$6!!!4 ( /"%#
$% (!%+ #% #!0'"( !*#.,%#!#4F
(!%+$!%!$!.!(%#! %#!6! $#.#%@!%#". et al.-
788JV$ et al.-7888A50'""$6!!!%#0#!6."!% #D #!#
]W"%#(%#1V0'""$6!!! b% ! $% #.,%#!$.
O#( ". B6! #D %# '".+ " )#!V 0'"
!%#( !0!6( .%' .!(!#%# @B'"%#( !0!%#0#!
A4c!($#%#%6#!/"-$0'""$6!!!-/"/"! !0'"%
'! 2 #(.!%4
%(%#-#!! #%-"W-#D 6(* 0'"
!%#( !0!.%' -('%+% .,%!46#-%"#.
('%+% #/"/"%#"!%6."F%!2!%#"'.2. .!(%#
(! !%.-6%% $!%!$.(!%+ #% 0'"$6"% (
N
!%#( !0! @! et al.- JLLLV !%#". et al.- 788JV .Y% _ !%#".- 788J2A4
!#2.+@$et al.-7888V.Y%_!%#".-788J2V^#%_+..-
7887A$$S"('% !($#,%! *%W"%# #!! (.
%#%6(* "(QD.". %T-/""#%# !%(!(%##
$4
Figura 2. (!( % D.". .!(%#(! !%.-$$#!%!.(%#$]
@JLLJA@ $# +(#6-7887A4$%# P$!%!$!(!%+ #%$
0'"$6"% 6"% #D #.,%#!".H]-". B6!6(* 0'"
!%#( !0!%#.,%#!".4
( F%! #!%#" .!(%#(! !%.-$ (2
"(6."O(D ! .".#%#( !*%#(# %#.,%#!4
#!%6(*#0$%# %6!'"P-/"$%#.$#%$#
(! !%. . ##. $ 2! ,%!- #!( 6( !% !# $
?"'+#% et al. @JLL`A4#.-"(.!2 $#(6%#.,%#!
#-D$%0.$.(%"#%* !%%.#!(%#/"%#%"$4
&#"(! D!/"%#!##! !($#,%! #(%!(-'"% ]
@JLLJA-!%#($!(%# !%#" .!(%#(! !%.#!" %
$ D!(%#K9d%#($#"(D !2<%.,% !"$4
K
Figura 3.%$#(! !%.(D ! .@&EA$2!,%!-#!( !% !#(%#
@?"'+#%et al4-JLL`A4#2! #.,%#!$$%##%$#$%##(2D(
.%' +(!6D!".4
#!/"(0#!$$#$]@JLLJA(% ' #!(%#
! #.+ ( ! #2.+ @O45 (#6- 7887V +(!#- JLLKA-
2% !($#,%! D.". .!(%#(! !%.2.!(4(
!!%#%# ."* ! D! !%#" .!(%#(! !%.D6!#
%#2.+ !+ %@7889A4
( #( /"%#!##!- '"% W _ +.. @788`A- ( .* 1
#(6-%$%#"((!#%$###. %'!$"%!
(( !*$).%#/" $O!( (%#N8K8d .#!#" 40
#(6$%#"((!#%$# ((/"# .#!#" -6%#
%3!(!$)O!(1"$63!H((!#($#"$#%!.@eJ8
JJ
^'G
%#e847OJ8
JJ
^'G%%A4(".#%#-#(6 (!%6."O##.
.(.#!#" "$!JM78d@%2#+_%-788JVW_+..-
788`A4 . 2.%* # $%# % 6!'" N- /" $%# 6."O .
%0!$/"!.32! !#!-.". $#! !*@A%
#$ #(6-6."O .$.% ! &@A
#%$# #(6D! @A ( !6%* %# ! $!(!- '"%
%2#+_%@788JA4.$%# %6!'"N$%#((D !
%!'.2! #%$# .4
`
Figura 4.%$###. . ! !*%#$ #(6@A-6."O
.#D %@A#%$##(6D!@A@%2#+_%-788JA4
(#3#!!($#%##0"2%#% ! % !6%* ..!*
$! #%$#$.%$.#(6%6!'"N4%/"%##%$#
.%#(6 0$!%!$.(%#$.$$'* $#"2*S-#%$#
,%!D#!2"3 $!%!$.(%#1%#(D !H$!%!$.(%#1%#
%#%#4%#!#"!"(1$# #%0!-$!#!(/"
#%$#(! !%.#D %#(D ! F$.$#"2*S (
.4
"(6('.-%%#%#-#%$# .,%!$ !! !
%# %#!2"!*S '! "2#$!!- 6* $. %#- D.".
.!(%#(! !%.4(O($. # !#!%*D $.2* 6."O
.".#%#$".%&36!".-% D (!% $.'!"2#$!.-
%##% (#%$#".#%#$%#%#.,%#!".-% ($%%#
Q$6"% T-6%#!%#" .!(%#(! !%.-D (!%%#@!'4PV24
JA4.'"%.$# "($%%#( !6%#2!,%!
$%# %#2.J-'"!4
M
Tabela 1. ."O .!%#' %.(%#.%'*S( !6%#2!,%!-
'"% ..Y@788PA4&( "$6!!.%#% /".2!%6."F%! %#$!".*
#(+.!%%#!2"!* 0'"$6"% 6"% 4
SEÇÃO
CAMADA
SUPERFICIAL
CIRCULAÇÃO
TERMOHALINA
TOTAL
#.,%#!7Nd 84N8&E 8499&E J479&E
&36!7Nd 84KM&E 847M&E 849J&E
#.,%#!P7d 84JJ&E 84PN&E 847P&E
&36!79df 84P9&E 84JL&E 84NP&E
b% !79dff 847M&E 847N&E 84KL&E
f.(%#!% 848`&E 6."O#D % %D!8489&E#D #!# !%'V
ff.(%#!% 848M&E 6."O#D % %D!4
#D #!(#!6%! $#((._%@JL`82A- /""(
$. 0'". 788J988%$($.#"(!"!#%!%#"
.!(%#(! !%.-$ ($2/"##" !#!2"!% %'!
#D(!%(. #($("!#.%'4
!(-$ %$"!"((%%#!2"!*/"%#!##!%6."O
.(.*1#(6@!'4NA(#((D !'.2!-"!($#,%!
2 /"!.32! !#( .!(0#! 6! ! %# ! 1 . #($
%.! 4'% !%D!#D(!-'"% # $E!'.Y@788KA]
@JLLJA-6(/"$#"2*S%#(%!($('%/aF%!
.%' D (!.F%!4
%/a%#(%#-%$'"%#2(!2!.! %D.".
.!(%#(! !%.$ !%6."%!.!('.2.4!!% -( !#
Q(" %*.!(0#!'.2!T6#(#$/"!$3!(%!(
#% #!%.$#(6g
& $% # /"#S- % %#%#- D %0! $!(!(%#
! %#!6!.(%#% 6(* 0'"$6"% 6"% %%
%#% (%!(/"!%6."%!(4
#!' #((._%@JL`82A#2.+((+!$)# "
'!S 6(*-"(%#.,%#!#"#% E .-/"$ (
!$#!(%#( \0'"&6"% #.,%#!#@&A
B'" "% %#0#!@A4'"% #!(#!-(26%#%#!2"((
78@JhJ8
`
(
P
GA 0'"$6"% G 6"% 4
]@JLLJA-%%#%#-%6#!$$. &("!%#"
!".*-.'% 16%#"#."($$."% 0!4#.!%+ !3%!6!
9
'"! $ !#2.+-/"!(O$.!%6."F%! % 6(*
% <%.,% !"!2!.! 2!%#" .!(%#(! !%.4
U.#!(%#.!(( !6!% -("(!($#,%!%#
% #!2"3 E .- 1 - 2 !%#" .!(%#
(! !%..!(##4($#-! "((!%+!(%#
'!- ( '%!* (! ($%+ .# %.!(%#
%!(%#(#-.% "(%/a%#(! !$%!2!.! 4&
"#. - %.!(%##)!6* ( .'(F(.% 1(.+
($% $%'06!%#%%"#.4
%# %#($%+ .# %%"#. (
!#$'(“World Ocean Circulation Experiment”@EA JLL87887-
$W#QInternational Southern Ocean StudiesT@A% D M8#D.!#
.#!(D#!&IG&4
&#"(! D!(!$!-#!(+W/"(! K8i ."(
%("% !.W$%!%# ( \0'"6( %%"#.
@!((% _^!%'-788NA4
$$#%.!##" !%OS%#$ %
"#.#%# %"% !.4(O($.-$ (!##2.+
''[!._(".@JLLKA($!(!$$"(!%6."F%! !#
!".*%( ](%%%"#.2#O 6(* &-
%+(!6D!%#4
( # %.#)!N QInternational Panel on Climate ChangeT
@&-788MA-$#! 2*S.! JL`J-2"("(%#
#($#"(D ! %#DP888( $6"% ! - %# 6#
%$%0.$.2* 98i # . !!% !#(.!(0#!
%#$3 4(!#!%#%!6!*%%# W##(6D!(
.#.#!#" -#%6!% %'!!%D#!$#!! (.%%
%#'!-6.# "(#% F%!##!#!(%#!'%!6!#! !*
(%# '.%#0#!46(-$ ($"./" !%,(! %
"#.-$#!".(%#2$%# !# 6."O(! !%! .-D"(6#
$$% %#%!* !%#%! #3#! 6(* -
%/a%#(%#- !%#" .!(%#(! !%.4
L
6#-$ %2 "(#% F%! !(!%"!* (%#
'.("(# -!2!.! .. #('!S!($#%# 6(*
$"!"(%#!2"!*!($#%#2#3#!."( 0'"
6( 4
.% ( .!%-.Y%@JLLMA.Y%_!%#".@788JA
#($$. %"#.-(!$!6!(%# %#!"($.
%#0#! @A- % % 0'" $6"% 6"% - !"% #%#
#.,%#!#/"%# E .-(0'"!%#( !0!V%!%#%O
%#2!,%!- 6($#!!$#!(%#%%#!2"!*S 0'"
!%#( !0!$%!%# &36! b% !$#.,%#!".4c!%#%#
%#("# #( (3%! B'"!"($.&6"% @&A
B'" "% %#0#! @A 2 !%#" .!(%# (! !%.-
.'% &"($$."% 0!H"(!% $$#!%!!.(%#$
]@JLLJA4
0#j._^!(@788JA.!%(!2!.! %6(* 1
!*%6."O &%#.,%#!".%!%#%! D.". .!(%#
(! !%.4"#$$S(/"#.!2!.! %6(* #0.!'
%(.!%/"%#! B'"!"($.&6"% @&A%#% %
E ..4#%##2.+."% !O 2(!%+$! $.
&#D6$# 6(* -$#!".(%##D %"#.4
62_<@7889A(#(/"0((! D!($!#
%2#" '.- (( ."#!.! %&-DW"#(%#
'!%#. E .4.(%#-("(.%#(%#2 (!('%
2#"!%#D#!-!'%#et al. @7889A6!((/"%U.#!( %
"(%# $ '. %#!%%#%#0#!$(6! MKi4!!% -
'"% "# k (" %* % #($#" % %#!%%#
%#0#!D$!%!$.$O$.!$k4
#0.-!% -6($./".#%# 0'"% E .
0-"/"."%#!2"!*$"(%#%#($#" ((($*
6."O #(6D! .!4 %#%#- #!( #".(%# /" 6!#
#!! (.$"($+4
J8
1.3 - ENTENDENDO A CORRENTE CIRCUMPOLAR ANTÁRTICA
%#!"($.%#0#!@A$%#"($$.+%!%#"
.!(%#(! !%.@-(!%'.F “Meridional Overturning CirculationTA,
6"%!%% (# %O%#2!,%!% 6(*
0'"$6"% 6"% 4!(-D6"% (%#./"%#% ($#(%#
!%,(! #%#-.% ( 0!%#*%## (!
($%%# 4
%#!#"3 (! .%' 6#!#( %# '.2-(
#%$# #!( JP8JN8- !"% % $O!( (%# %#
.#!#" K8d`8d-$% % "($3(# 7N4888^(@.2
et al.-788NA4! ##3#!6# "(%#$6"% -
+'% '.(%# #D .!# ,%!- .!(!# # (! !%!
!%6."%!% $6"% (%#$3!6( !%#*%#0'"(!
".- %#!%%#%#0#!-#%# %'.2.4
'"% <!..@JLLNA-%/"%#($%%#2.3%! #%$#$
2#%##0.-($%%#2#)$!$"!"(!2!.! ( K8-
("( !$ J84!!%6(*S".#( ( !*S.! %
,(2!# QInternational Southern Ocean StudiesT@A4
>"%#"#"#"+!%#.-$% "(!#(6'(%#
W# !%#%! !0!@.2et al.788NA4.$ !! ! ("(
D! 6%# 6!%! $6#' !%#%#($#" "$63! (
@A$% %#16%#!%# !6%#( \0'"-/"%%#(
2( #(!% (.!(#!# ]-$ % 6"% !" !! !
("#'!S@!%#".et al.-788JA4'"% !et al.@JLLKA- "$!%!$!
6%#/" 6!%('! 2%'F%! %#"2%#0#!@A
%#&.@&A@!'4KA-#% ! 6#%#"$6!!!4
>"%#1#"#"#!.-!%#".et al. @788JA #/"!.!%+ #
$$! $%#( "(6('..!( !*$)."..%'
-#D "(D! Q '"T$% %#16%#46(-
..!* 6%#0 #(!%%#2 !#!2"!* ($ (
6!%!* !6%#( \0'"/"($S!#( 4
JJ
%#"2%#0#!(.!(!#%# -% 0'""$6!!!
6!6"% (20'"#$!!(!/"%#4'"% #(%@788NA-#D
6%#(!!%#%%'!-% # !($#,%!$$% ..
!%#*%#0'"!"($.-0'"!%#( !0! !'(%#0#!
0'"%#! 2! W%#4
%#&.(.!(!#"."$6!!. -% 6%#!%#
0'"!"($.B'" "$63!%#0#!@A4 %(%#-.!(!#
". (% ! 1O#%$".-("2"$63!-#%
B'"!"($.&6"% "$!@&A$"$$! -%#
(!#"($.#(%#1@!et al.-JLLKA4
Figura 5. %#!(! !%! %#!"($.%#0#!@A 6!%! $.$!*S
.!(#.)'! %#"2%#0#!@⧫ A %#&.@⧫A- #(!% $!et al4@JLLLA4
>"%#1( \0'"$%#%!O -'"% !et al4@JLLLA-
0'"!"($.$ "# (!#" B'"&6"% #.,%#!#
@&A-/"%#%%#.,%#!".-(0'"$6"% $%!%#
b% ! &36!0'" !'(%#0#!4"(6('.- 01/".0'"
%( B'"!"($.&6"% @&A4#( \0'"$ "2 !! !
("((!%6!@&A-/"$"!(!.!%. %#!2"!* &
#D "((0O!( .!%! 2 @lPN-M'"% !et al.- JLLKA-
"(("$!@&A#! $2!O%%#*S O!'F%!.#
%%#*S %"#!%#4". %#&.-( "$6!!.D"$
J7
$. B'" "$63! %#0#! @A /" #% #D $O!(!
$.#6(%#!%%#.%#0#!4
6!'" `- '"!- $%# "( ( . /"(0#! !#!2"!*
( \0'"%'! 4#6!'"#0#(2D($%#B'" "%
%#0#!@A-6( $#! (!#" 0'"!"($.$6"% (
0'" $.#6( %#0#!4 %#%#- # ( \0'" $
!#(%#2!,%! W%#- 2-(%#(.'"%$"
$%# %"#.-(%6 .+% [!+%#.,%#!".4
Figura 6. /"(!."#% !#!2"!* ( \0'"%'! %#!"($.
%#0#!@.2et al.-788NAD.". % !".*(! !%.4#6!'"-
$% 1%#!"($.%#0#!-EDB'"%#( !0!%#0#!-ED
B'"!"($.&6"% "$!-EDB'"!"($.&6"% %6!-ED
B'"&6"% #.,%#!#EDB'" "% %#0#!4
.!(%#-#!(#! #%$#%. 6!##D
+!$)# /" 2.%* (! !%. /"%#! (!(%# D 2!(%#
'#)6!-"W-/"#%$#%.D #(!% $' !%#(! !%!
$-$% %#"( .! J-K( "$63! (% !*
".-.%' .'" @e`88^(A-' !%# %! #D
6%#@.2et al.-788NA4
!(-1($%%#2#)$!-.#!1.* "$63!!"%
#%$#(! !%. ](%%( "$6!!.-$% .! $
JP
.#40($%%#2.3%!-.#!1 !#!2"!*!%#% ($ (%
."% \0'"- #(!%-$!%#(D ! .*S %##D(!-"(' !%#
$!#! .! '#)6!4&#%#-.! !(!%"!( !*6"%
@$!#!$!(A-(+'%##%#!%# !*.%' ."%
m0'"4
6."!$#F$'%#!#.%' "(!%+5#!#
]-%#(D! ".&%3%".%#0#!V". B6! ".V%#
"#0.!- (! $!(%# (,%!- %#0#!4 & $'( (!
#!#-( !*S%(!6/a%#%#!# ]4&#%#-#D
'.(%# "#!.! ( 6F%! $ .!2* ($* ( .
%"(D! %"#.4
2.7-'"!-$%#.'"(#!(#! #%$#.! %
%"#.4
Tabela 2. .'"%#%$#%!#!( ( !$%#+$4
LOCALIZAÇÃO CAMPANHA TRANSPORTE MÉDIO
#!# ]
J
JPNnJP
E
7
J JP`-MnM-9
^ML
P
J7Pn7K
". "#0.!
EP JNMnJ8
.%' "!"!#!"($.-(% 1( ! /"D 6.#!
$. #$'6! 6"% - $#!".(%# % .+ #!- % $.#X
^'".% % ! (%# "2(!% /"! &36!%#0#!
@"%%!'+(-788KA4+(#(% )#! #!%0!-$#(
! 12#!(#!-%!% "$!*(#($4
2(#(2D(%#!! (. !! 2#!(#!-
/".+( #%!%#4$ 6(* #.#!! %#0!%
.-% $D("'! %.!##"/"!%#2!.! 2.3%!$%#!#"!
"(6#+( #(!% .!-(#!# ]@<..'et al.-788NV
!%#". et al.-788JV?..[Y-JL9`VE!'+#-JL9JA4.D( !-$$'*
% $.%#0!-(#! $?"'+@JLL`A-$ #"(!%6."F%!2
J
%#%#!%."#+%%#" !
7
E. %!".#!%O$!(%#
P
($%+ ( !*S.! %&'( ](JLML
JN
!2!.! 2 4 #!2"! # #!! (. "( $$.
$$% %#%/"!.32! !%,(!#( !%,(!%-(0 !"#!
!%#4
Balanço dinâmico da CCA
%#% ( 02.%* !%,(! D%0!-"(/"
$!%!$.#!$##0!%#!((%#.!' 1#"#"#!. $#"2*SH
"( 2W# !%#!'* $%##" 4
( #3#!(!(%# !".*%%"#.#0%
6.# "(2!(! !%.%6!O .#!#" #!# ]@!%#".et al.-
788JV.2et al.-788NA4! ##3#!-2.%* !%,(!(! !%.
%$ O$.! $.#!.0! "$@JLNMA-/"O$.!O!#F%!
!".*%( "$! %("% !.$#! #!%. %#-
'"% O$
βV= ∇×τ
8
-%/". V .! (! !%.!%#' %
$6"% ! β' !%#(! !%. $,(# !.!4%! ("(
!"!#!"($. !%#'* x-
∫
Vdx
%". ! 1%*
( %".4%#%#-!%#'. #!%. #% %#%D
%".-#% 6.+ 2.%*@.2et al.-788NA4
'"% !%#".et al. @788JA-( !*S.! %#!# ]".
:.,% !"'(/"6."O /"%#! (!(%# ! #%S
.#!D$/"%(.*1#%!%# "! $.%#4
% ( (%# 6# % O!#!( 2! (! !%! $"
6!!F%! #%S.#! Y%. %%"#.-6!$'"%#5>".
(%!($ 2.%/"%#! (!(%#!%# "! $.6#
%# #- $%!% . !% 6!%! (%#g #!( /"
$##W%#%6F%!#!. /"%#! (!(%#4
#"2".F%!#! !(%!%. $/"%.%D$ $(#.
#%6F%!- $! %!#! !! ("!# !( /". 2
@.2#.4-788NA4!(-#!2"!6!# !2!.! (.
$%2!.! $.#%(! /"%#! (!(%#!%# "! $.%#
JK
% "$63! ($#%# ."% \0'"-( !#( !
#2.+@!%#".#.4-788JV^#%_+..-7887V.2#.4-788NA4
6(-(%!((!!($#%#%#%6F%! /"%#!
(!(%#%#( %%"#.D#% 6(!%#6!.@A
@!%#".et al.-788JV.2et al.-788NV<..'et al.-788NA4.'(/"!/"
.!% $#"2*S#"( 6(% "$63!!$!%!4#%6
/"%#! (!(%#+!%#.#D !$!%!!%.!% - ! 1#"*
)#!-$6."#"*S%' !%# $4
"#/"#.%##0(( 0#%$#(! !%. (
.#D 46!%.-$"( %#!"($. $6"% -
6"%!%("($D! 2!Q!.% T%". (!2!
@!%#". et al.- 788JA4 % 2.%* (! !%. /"%#! (!(%#
2!(%#'#)6!-+!$)#%(.(%# # (!#% !*
- 1!($#,%! 6."O (! !%!- 2W#! $%# #2.+-
!(%%%#%2.%*%. /"%#! (!(%#4
((%! ! 0#! %#% (#2.%*%. D#D
"(( .!($.!6! $%# $.2et al.@788NA4('!%("(*
!"($. %"#.($% ! %#%#!%%#%#0#!.!(!#
%# - ($# $ #F ( - ( !%#6 $% %
"$63! !$!%!4 $!(! ( !% "$63! ho
8
hp @% p D
.* "$63! .!A #D .'"( "$63! h o
J
- !%."!% (
](%V( !%#( !0!!% #!$!%.#Dho
7
-/"#0!(
6!*S#$'06! 6"% V#!( #% % #D.!#,%!4
!(-2.%* /"%#! (!(%#$ !#(5
− f V
J
=−η
q
p
qO
+τ
0
−τ
J
− R
q
− f V
r
=η
q
p
JO
−η
r
p
rO
+τ
0
−τ
7
−R
7
− f V
P
=η
7
p
rO
−hp
bx
+τ
0
−τ
b
−R
P
@JA
%
V
i
@!hJ-7-PAD#%$#(! !%.!%#' (O@%.(%#A
@#!.(%#A ( ( - 3% ! "2!# Q2T $%# $ /"
(%6"% 2!% !(D !.%' "(!"!#!"($.4
J`
#(Qη
*
i
p
*
ix
Q@!hJ-7A$%#(#%S 6(!%#6!!- τ
0
D#%
%#%"$63!-τ
1
τ
2
#%S%!%#6@#%S!H#!#%#
( AR
i
@!hJ-7-PA$%# !'%# #%S Y%. .#!4
( "(! /"
!
@!hJ- 7- PA $ ( %! - ( !"#!
%#!(%# %6!( ( &+!..!$ _ !%#". @7888A $#! ( !*S
.! (&@%#X(# $$.A". (,%!46#-
'"% (( "#- #%S !%#6!! s
J
s
7
#(2D( $ (
%! 4
(/"#%$#(! !%.##. ."( %".$
%* ( %". @ $% %#!2"!*S
$!$!#*G$*A-(% #F( (@JA$ ($2/"
2.%*%. /"%#! (!(%# 0%##% %#-#%%
6"% @#!#A#% 6(%6"% @A-$#!(%#5
τ
t
−τ
b
−hp
bx
≃ 8
@7A
!(- 6."O $ #(!% !* ( "( (
($% ("(6."O".#%#% !*%#0!% (!( 4"W-
%#( ."2%#% /"+0% 0'" "(( $"#".
- 6($$!%%#!%"! ."( %". !"!#
!%#'*/"% %! (#F( W"%#(%#4
'"% !%#". et al. @788JA-#0.(%##2.! /"2.%*D
(!% $. $!(! #! #( O$ @7A- /" !'%!6! /"
($%%#$%# 6."O%( ](%D($% $"(#%
$".-($6"% ! 4
( '% 6!*S #$'06! % % "#. % +'( 1
"$63!-##% ($6"% ! "$!7888(4
#( .#0 (%!#"* "(D.". !20#!
%-$%# ($et al.@7888A4"#2!(( 6."O
("$63! QComprehencive Ocean-Atmosphere Data SetT@A$ "!
"(/"( !".*(! !%. !! ! ( "$#4D."."$6!!.-
0'"!%#( !0!@B'"!"($.&6"% "$!A"'($(
JM
"$6!!!.%' % . $%# ! 6!# %#
#-.#% 6"% %%#"2%#0#!4D.".!%6!#0.!% 1
6(* 0'" 6"% $)O!(%#!%%#%#0#!-"O$#*$%#-
%# 0'"$6"% @B'"!"($.&6"% %6!A$Q($%T
#O$#*4
& (' !! !#(/"$%#' !%# $%6"%
@#% 6(%6"% A("($#2#)$!@p
tro
A"($#2.3%!
@p
clin
A4!(5
p
clin
=g
∫
z
t
ρdz
p
tro
=gζ
@PA
.2#.4@788NA #/"-%/"%#("(# '#!%
/"%#! (!(%#!%! $.#% %#- ( !6%*
62 %# %! #$'6! 6"% -"$#2.3%!#"
6(.%#$.#4% !! ".(%#-(2$.-2#)$!
2.3%!- #( $("!#(!/"($%%# ! %#-
$ "( ( '% -$D((!%!%#0!H 6(/"/"
%.(4
"$%+(-%%#%#-/"%( .!($.!6! $%# %!
$#%!. 6."OW% @% !20#!A46(%0$3.
#%$#%#!$!%!'"(%# %* ( $.!$
( !% !! ".(%#- " W-
V
i
=t
4 0 %#%#
#!.(%#-%#( -!'".1#% %#14%##%#-%
.D !20#!-"W-+0(!#"%#!$!%! ! 1#"2".F%!#(
#(64!(-"(!% O!#F%! D.". % !".*(! !%.-
#%$##D #.#!#" %%"#.(%#D$3. ! 1
#%#( ". #.#!#" -!($.!% ("(% (
\0'"". 4
J9
c!#+W/"%.! "((!#%## !( .-"W-
/"$# #%%0! F($6"% ! $#%$)$!( (
/"#4
!(-$ "!/"%!# "(!".*'"! $"(%#$.
%#D!%$$! $%"#.-"(/"6*%# %#
6."#"2!.! @QbuoyanceTA # !%#!((%# .!' 4 !".*S %.
(! !%. # %# - % + "( "(! " /"%#!
(!(%#$.#"(6."O .$".$(%"#%* %#(D !
##!6!*2 @^#%_+..-7887A4
"(6('.-/"!.32! D"($ "# !%.!%*
!$!%! ! 6."O ](%%( "$6!!.- !%.!%*$#
!$!%! ! 1* )#! (. #%6(* (
u0'"$6."O !20#! .."(@<..'et al.-788NA4
1.4 - O PAPEL DA VARIBILIDADE DE MESO-ESCALA
(?"%'et al.@788`A-$% %"#.-W"%#(%#
('!/"#!.-(!$# %'!!%# "! $.%#%%
("% !.-!( ( (! !2!.! %!".* ( . !%#%"!
!%# !4 %# # (!%( !".* #(6D! % 6!O
.#!#" - #% "( #%$# 0'" $ %# '"% #!
.0! ](%4 +- $#%#- "( 6."O 0'" $ ". 6(
$$!%%#!%"! ."( %". -($%%
#%$#$%#%( ](%4
##%$# 0'"$".D%0!#(2D(2$%# !#
2.%* .". %#&.4%6!(1D.". %$$#
$$et al. @7888A-#%$# 0 B'"!"($.&6"%
@&A4%#%#- % ( . !"#! % !* 2.%* !%,(!
-% $ (.!%( (!"$6!!.1( ](%-
%#!#"3 $.0'" "$63!-'"% ( 1&-!%6!(/"( .
$et al.@7888A%%!(%#%.! 4 6#
%#!2"!*..$.!2!.! $ !'".-"#D(("$-
JL
#%$# % ( "$6!.4 6#- '"% ^#% _ +.. @7887A-
O$!(%# ( .'(%"(D!/".(('!%.(%#6."#"*S
(.(#(("!#.!(!%* #D.". %4
!(- !($S /"# ( #. #%$# 04 ( !#
%#!(%#-$%$"!2!(! !%!!( 7888(-%"#%#%
%# ' !%# %! (D ! $- % $ ($.#(%#
O$.! $. #! .0! "$4 &#%#- "( #%$# (! !%.
'#)6!(D !%$ "#%# %#6!O $6"% ! 4
D.". %# " 6("(($#(%#(D !-!%#'
%.(%#-% %#!2"!* !2!.! #0O$%#%$# 0'"
$6"% $".4.(%#-%#($$*-#%$#$.$#"2*S
$ (%.-"#D(("$-#%$#$%# ! * %#
%( "$! %"#.4
6#- ! "##!2"(1!2!.! (.#.$$.-
($O($.5 ]_!%@JL9JA-E!'+#@JL9JA-[.!%_^.!%]
@JL9`A-&+!..!$_!%#".@7888A-!%#".et al@788JA-^#%_+..@7887A
.2et al@788NA46(-1!2!.! #!2"3 $$D!22.%*
!%,(! -#D V#%$#(! !%. 0'"!"($.-
$$!%% %#!%"! ."(". V2.%*#D(!".
- ($%% . $ ! % $ #(64 /"(
$%# %!'"M!."#+!$)#-/"'"!$%##" - 6."O
.$$!% $.#!! (.$%0.$($%6."O
!%#' ".#%#$%#%( ](%$ $#(64
78
Figura 7. /"(!."#% $!%!$!$$%0!$.6."O .#D
%#&.-%%"#.4#0 # ((.+6."O$.#!! (.-
#( $%#4
&D(-/"!.#($.$!. #.!2!.! g (
.2et al. @788NA-)#!#%!%#(. %$"%#%
/"!.X(#%#!#"("(#3#!$(!%%#.%' (!%+ -
/"D2((!/"! 6(* 2Y Jd( 2.3%!(D !
$%"#.-/"#0%#KN8^(@?"Yet al.,JL9MV+.#%et al.,
JLL9A4.D( !-D("(2)#!#!%0!.!% 6!*S
#$'06!4!".# % ((#" .! #D .#!(#!
$#D.!#@#((-JLLM-JLL9V^66_?..[Y-JL99A4
%6#!-%%#%#-/"#%."S2 !%,(! %
"#.-".$!!#($!$$. !2!.! (.
- "(6('.-2 (6%# $2((#'($!.
#($.4
!(-%0!#!(#!(!$!2%#!2"!*
#(/"%#!#"!2.%*#D(!%#%#(6-$%#"* "(
%+!(%#).! 22.%* !%,(!#( !%,(! %"#.
"!%#*(2! W%#4&#!".(%#%'!($% %
E .- D %0! #" $ %# 0'" $6"%
$%!%# @B'" !"($. &6"% &A- /" $%# "(
!($#%#%#!2"!*%$ 6(* 0'" 6"% 4
7J
6#- #"#"- ..!* '!S (! %'D#! !*
!%,(! #!! (.%%"#.#(#! $/"!4
cO#(%#%#! %+!(%#/"$%##2.+!%4
1.5 - OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS E ESTRUTURA DA TESE
2.%* . %#!%%#%#0#!(% "(#(#!
$/"!%U.#!(P8N8%4#(#2.+ ]_!%
@JL9JA-/"#!((!% !#(%#%#!2"!* !2!.! $#! 0.".
$$! ! '% (!Q6!.(%#T(%"0!5%#!2"!*S
(D !$6."O2#)$!2.3%!%( ](%4($%
. .". ( #!(#! $ . "$63! % $
#(6-2#! $#! !(#!#D #D.!#-"#
$ .".%#!2"!*$.!2!.! (.-%0!$
6+2.%*4
%#%#-2 +! '06!"#!.! $ ]!%
@JL9JA$"!"( !#!2"!*$!.+#'F%-$2(0!'!S
%#!%%#%#0#!-#% ! %0!'"$(%# #*S+! '06!
"#!.! ($.3'% $O!( (%#J-7Kv .#!#" $7-Kv .%'!#" 4
.D( !-2 %#"#!.! %0.". #%$#%( ](%6!
#!( "(6!'"$"2.! $Y.et al. @JLM9A4
?W ( !- %##%#- +0 !$%!2!.! ! 6%#
@%!(%# (#- $'( %# .# - .!(#.'!
%0.!A/"$(!#("(0.".(!$! ($%%# 2.%* .4
.D( !-( .'(($"#!%.$ "#!.! $W" %($%
$%.! #"#"#!. $#"2*S$%0!$#.
#%$#4
&#!".(%#- !$%!2!.!* .!(#.'! #($#".!%!
$!2!.!##!(#! 6."O/"$%#( 6((!6! !'%#
(D ! %"#.4
%##%#-!%6(*S2#"#"#!.%#" #!!
(.%#!%"( !63! 2#4.'"(($%+ .#
77
!(O$.!#$-(D 6"% ! %#X(#"#!.!
$&+!..!$_!%#".@7888A4&D(-%+0( !*S !# !$%3!"6!!%#
$2#("(!!"($.46(-#!(#!6!#$#! #!
$$($%($ $%#'% !*$!.
#!! (.4($! #.#!! (6%6."O
$".%0!6+(%# 2.%*%6!!% ($ 4
% (!#."%%%+!(%#2/"!.32!#( !%,(!
%"#.-$#!".(%#2$%# !# !2!.! (.-
"!%6."F%!2!#(.!(0#! -$ (%"((2W#!
$36! $%#5
1.
1.
Quantificar a contribuição dos diversos processos responsáveis pelo balanço
Quantificar a contribuição dos diversos processos responsáveis pelo balanço
termodinâmico na região da Corrente Circumpolar Antártica – fluxos
termodinâmico na região da Corrente Circumpolar Antártica – fluxos
médios barotrópico e baroclínico, transporte na camada de Ekman e pela
médios barotrópico e baroclínico, transporte na camada de Ekman e pela
variabilidade de meso-escala;
variabilidade de meso-escala;
2.
2.
Identificar a localização das principais regiões de atividade de meso escala
Identificar a localização das principais regiões de atividade de meso escala
na Frente Polar, com foco sobre a região adjacente ao Oceano Atlântico
na Frente Polar, com foco sobre a região adjacente ao Oceano Atlântico
Sul, e investigar seu papel sobre o balanço termodinâmico do Oceano
Sul, e investigar seu papel sobre o balanço termodinâmico do Oceano
Austral e na advecção de águas circumpolares meridionalmente através da
Austral e na advecção de águas circumpolares meridionalmente através da
CCA;
CCA;
3.
3.
Descrever a estrutura vertical das perturbações de meso-escala e
Descrever a estrutura vertical das perturbações de meso-escala e
caracterizar sua composição dinâmica.
caracterizar sua composição dinâmica.
&#!%'!2W#! $%#-!%!($"( !*
$!%!$!2 !(".*%"(D!"#!.! 4!6%#
"#!.! %$%##" -%'.2% .!(#.'!+! '06!
%#- #D.!#".# ( .%"(D!4
'"!-%#"3("(!!%!!. !".*(D !%%"#.-
6( 6% "23 ! %0! %.!(%# #%#
#2.+4#$3#".@PA%.!($ (%#!".*S%.(! !%.
%%"#.#D #!'#)6!.0!4
$'"!%#%!#%0.". #(%.! %2.%* .
#D %#&.-$$#$ ]_!%@JL9JA-$#! 2
7P
#"!4 6(- #".!( ".# !'!%.(%# 2#! $.
"#"$!# 4#(($3#".-$$($.!* !( .
$(D#!-2 (6%# !% $% %#- 6(6%"(
#!(#! !# 6."O .2(("!*''06!4
&(-%#-"(.!* $! !(".*%"(D!(
$%#$!%!$!6%X(%%'06!%%"#.46(-
$ (2#'"%*%%0.!.! $#! ".# !(".*4
$#! # .!*- .".( 6."O . #D %# &. %
".# ( .($((#!(#!%#!4
('"! - 2"( ($% #"#" #!. !2!.!
(.4&#%#-"#!.!("(.!(#.'! #($#".!%!
".# 0.".'#)6!-6%% "(! #"#"(D ! (
$$'* $#"2*S/"$ (O!# - "(%
%#(#!.# in situ- 6(2#("(#!(#!(!.!#
$3. #"#"- ".# !(".*$!".!( !#!2"!*
''06! #"#" !2!.! 4
(%+!(%# #"#"#!. ! ".# !(".*
%"(D!-"'!("(D! (# .'!% .".(6."O .-
.!% #!%6(*($"$6!!! #($#".*2#!
$#! %!(%#(#46(-2#(#!(#! !# 6."O
."'!(6(%#/"$ ("#!.! $($%+(%#
."*#($. #$#! %!(%#(#4
&(-%#-1#!* !2!.! (.%%#
&.- $#! +!$)# # ($# 6"% .(%#.(%# $ )#!
,%!% 2Y4&#%#"#!.!( .#!(#!$#D.!#
".# !(".*4
$3#".6!%. $%#%!#%"%! !" ".#
2#! .%' %.!(%# #-2((%$%#* %."S
2#! $!# $$. !2!.! (. 2 2.%*
#( !%,(!%%"#.4
7N
2 - BASES DE DADOS E MODELAGEM UTILIZADAS
% +(!6D!".-$#!".(%#(.#.#!#" -$"("(
2!O %! .# in situ /"% ($ +(!6D!%#4
((%#$'( .# .! %%"#.-
+0!% $"!%6(*$/"$( ( #.+($#(%#
!%,(!#"#"#!. $!%!$!6!*S%'06!-$!%!$.(%#2
$%# !# !"($.4 %#%#- !%6(*S %#(%# .%#
.("((" %* 6-+(% #%*2#'!46(-
$#" (!".*%%"#.D6"% (%#."#!.!( !6%#
2 4
( 2(%#- '"!- $!%!$! 2 "#!.! -
% .5.!(#.'! +! '06!QWorld Ocean Database 2001TV"(
$ "# .#!(#!$#D.!##D.!#6%! $.V".# "(
!(".*'.2.(.#."*.! (( .QHybrid Coordinate Ocean
ModelT@?ZA4
(% 1 2 !# %# $3#".- "#!.!( #(2D(
#($#" "$63! (- 2#! #D #D.!#- .D( *S
$6!.'((QAcoustic Doppler Current Profiler”@&A "(6"% !
(%#X(#%'! %#&.-(2.# "%#$'(
E4# !#W"%#(%#("$.!*S$36!%
#O#4
2.1 - WORLD OCEAN DATABASE 2001 (WOD01)
.!(#.'!QWorld Ocean Database 2001T@E8JA%#D((D !%"!-
%!(%! #($#"-.!%! -O!'F%!-%!##-66#3.!
% ("% !.- .D( (D ! %"! %! .6!. ( "$63!4
!%6(*S# !#!2"3 ("(' +!%#. JdOJdPP%3!#!!
@O#$.6!.H(%#("$63!A-$% % 1$6"% !
8(-J8(-78(-P8(-K8(-MK(-J88(-J7K(JK8(-788(-7K8(-P88(-N88(-K88(-
`88(-M88(-988(-L88(-J888(-JJ88(-J788(-JP88(-JN88(-JK88(-JMK8(-
7K
7888(-7K88(-P888(-PK88(-N888(-NK88(-K888(KK88(4E8J$%#
"($!((%# 2 ,%! QNational Oceanographic Data
CenterT@A -.!2 !%!!.(%#(QWorld Ocean Atlas 1994T
@ELNA-'"! $.QWorld Ocean Database 1998T@EL9A4 E8J
O$% 2EL9-!%."!% !0!#!$ %-% 6(
$#! M48PM47JP#*S%'06!.# %#% JL8878884
#2.P$%#"(($*%# !6%#.!(#.'!!# -(
6%# %U( #*S .# "#!.! ( "(
@+##$5GG[[[4%4#%44"]G?G[!$GA4
Tabela 3($* %U( #*S E8J(2 %#!@ $#
%]!'+#et al.-7887A4
Tipo de dado
“Climatological Atlas
of the World Ocean”
(1982)
WOA94 WOD98 WOD01
#*S
$6! G (
2!O."*4
N7K4888 J4JLN4N8M J4PMP4NN8 74J7J48N7
&6! (
.#."*
9L4888 J9L4KKK PJJ4LNP
&6! MMK4888 J4L774JM8 748MM4788 74PM`478`
&6! I 7L84888 J479J4LN7 J4KPM478P J4MNP4KL8
)!6!O J8M4MJK 7LM4LP`
)! ! K84KNL
)!$6!. 774`PM
% )'6 PM4`NK
#!#()'6
"#X%(4
MK4``K
Total de estações 1.490.000 4.487.519 5.285.113 7.037.213
E8J ! 0! $W# %#- %# /"!5
QIntergovernmental Oceanographic CommissionT @A G QGlobal
Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue projectT @<A- @!#" et al.-
JLL9-!#" et al.-JLLNA-QGlobal Ocean Database projectT-QWorld
Ocean Database projectT- QGlobal Temperature-Salinity Profile ProjectT @<&&A-
QWorld Ocean Circulation ExperimentT@EA-QJoint Global Ocean Flux StudiesT
@<AQOcean Margin ExperimentT@IA4
7`
Figura 8.!#!2"!* #*S%#!#"!%# E8J- #% %#!2"!*S $!%!$!
$'( .# @+##$5GG[[[44#%44"]G?G[!$G!$4+#(. A4&
22#".#!(%#$22.#.#!#" #.,%#!".%"#.4
2.2 - ALTIMETRIA DA SUPERFÍCIE DO MAR AVISO
( !6!". .# in situ- !".!* %0.!
$ .' . % % #% !63!.4 ( ( "#!.!*
.!(#.'!- ( E8J- $!# $2.( !($!2!.! %0.!
#($. $4.D( !-$*(%# ' .!(#.'!%D$
.6%X(%% ( ! 6(* 2Y-/"%%
"#.D $O!( (%#KN8](@$Jd( 2.3%!A4cW"#(%##
. $ (.(6%$%##" 4
7M
#!.!(%$%##2.+ %(.! .* "$63! (-
' $#! !%#$.* )#!( $%!%# $.#6(
&IG&-<-%J-JG7-W"%#( !%,(!
"O!.!4 # 2 D !$%!2!.! '#"!#(%# $.
@[[[4!4%24(A-("(."*$!. JGPvOJGPv('! #
2%'% '# 788J#D$%#4$%##2.+"#!.!("(
D!#($. .*%#7J '# 788JJ8 2!. 788`4
"#!.!* #D.!#$(!#2#%* D!#($! (
0O#%4&#!".(%###% $ "# -."*$!.
@JGPdA$(!#.-((/"('!%.(%#-$ (.%
%"#.4
!!%6(*S$ (2#! (&@788`A" !#(%#%$0'!%
4
Figura 9. O($. )2!# #D.!#@".A$OG&! %@(.+A"#!.! %
($!* ' .#!(#!
@+##$5GG[[[4W%4%24(G+#(.G.#!G(".#!C#C"]4+#(.A4
2.3 - MODELAGEM NUMÉRICA
"#!.!* ".# ( .'(%"(D!6!%0!$%0.!
#"#" #!. $ (. " !* #($.4
( .'( ($"#!%. %#!#"! "( $ 6(%# $ 6% D!
#($! $!%!$!!0! !%,(!%#!-.%' # 0
79
#" - !#!2"3 ("(' '".4 &(- $#%#- 1 !*
( ."#!.! #3#!$#!". !(".*%.! 4
O “Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model” (HYCOM)
?ZD"(( .'. !".*,%! /"*S$!(!#!-
%.! $#! QMiami Isopycnic-Coordinate Ocean ModelT@A4"
$!%!$. #3#! D /"( % #!!4 % 2#
##!6! - % #!! $% ( !$!%!4 6(-
( . ($# ( "( ( . ( - ( #%$# %
$!%!$.(%#.%' !$!%!-% ($%%# !$!%.$(#! 4
%#%#-%( (!#" % #!.$"(%#"('
#!%-"Q % T-#% "("(%# ."* #( %
!$!%! (!#"(4 $O!( .!# ,%! ( . "#!.!
% /"'"(#$'6! 6"% -"Q % wT-$%!% /"
( #%(("!#6!%(.!/"!$!%!%%#(.!#
@.]et al., 7887VE..6#et .4-788PA4
( !# ( .]# .4 @7887A- ?Z $(!# .+ %#
!/"($0.". (!#"-#%# %( (!#""$6!!.
/"%#$(!#" !$!%.46(-D$3.$#%#"((!#"%".-
/"($(D#! ( @O45^""%A-/"(%.!@O45^&&A
"( . 6+(%# #"2".F%!@O45..Z( 74KA4##3#!
D $#!".(%# !%#%# ( #" .!(0#!- $ $!2!.!# %0.!
!%6."F%! (!#"%%2!".*'.4
$%##2.+-$%#* (!#" !$!%.D 6"% (%#.
!($#,%! ! $$.$#!". #%6(* ( m0'"%
E .-#% ("($%#*# D.". %4!"#!.!
/"(^&&-"Qparametrização de perfil de K não localT-/".!$6!.
6!!%# !6"#"2".%#@KA"(#(%../"!%."!6!#%#!4
6(-/"("#!.! D$ $%##(%#'!S
6(* ( m0'"-!($#%#$ %.!(%# $%#4
7L
Configuração da simulação
#!.!(%$%##" ".# "(!(".*'.2.(.#
."* ( ( . ?Z- !$%!2!.! $ $%# #2.+ $.
?Z%#!"(4#.+ !(".*$ (2#! (( # et al.
@7889A4(%0.!!%#%# ".# !(".*$2! %
#.,%#!".D6%! $<2!"O@7889A4
(3%! !(".* 2%' .%'!#" !%.(%# # '.2- %
.!(!# $.$.. L8vM9v4R# (3%!$% "('
+!%#.(2!% (#-%#.#!#" M9vNMv-2!$.(!
%#4 6(- !# "( !%'".! % $). %#4 # (3%!-
!$"( "($*.#!%#.,%#!".-($% ! %#
.%'!#" M8vEP8v4
."*$!.+!%#.D JGJ7°-/"$% "($*(%#
%#$%# ' -$O!( (%#-`-K](((D !P-K]($)O!(
$).4#."* D$ .('!%.(%# ! 6(*
2Y J° ( 2.3%!.%' %"#.-(0!#(
#.+(! !%#4
( . 6! %6!'" ( P7 ( +!23 $% %
%! !'(7@24NA42#!(#!6!2#! 2 7
@?Z-788MA4$. ( . !".*-6!$.! #(2D("(( .
$ "* '.$.#.#!#" 4
!(".* 6! !%!!.! ( (F W%! .!(#.'!
<P @Generalized Digital Environment Model version 3.0A- 6%! $.
@Naval Oceanography OfficeA4!(".*6!6* ("$63!
(6."O#( !%,(!- ( /"%#! (!(%#-.".
$#! <& @Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction
SystemA4 ( !% !($.(%# .O(%# ( "$63! #%# $
#($#"/"%#$.!%! 4!%6(*S .!%! 6(#!
.!(#.'!&?P48 “Polar Science Center Hydrographic Climatology”4
P8
Tabela 4. ( "#!.! $!(".*'.2.(( .?Z-!$!%!/"!#
$% ($#!( m0'"$'! %"#.4m0'" 6!%!
B'" "$63!@A-B'"!"($.&6"% "$!@&A-B'"!"($.
&6"% %6!@&AB'" "% %#0#!@A4
Camada σ
2
Massa D'água
J 79-J8
7
rx-yt
z
7L-M8
{
P8-K8
K
zt-y|
`
zq-|t
}
zr-t|
x
zr-~t
y
PP-JK
qt
PP-M8
JJ
PN-7K
J7
PN-MK
JP
PK-JK
JN
PK-K8
JK
PK-98
J`
P`-8N
JM
P`-78
J9
P`-P9
JL
P`-K7
78
P`-`7
rq
z~-}t
rr
z~-}}
rz
z~-xz
r{
z~-xy
r|
z~-y}
&
r~
z}-tr
r}
z}-t~
rx
z}-qt
&
ry
z}-q}
zt
z}-zt
zq
z}-{r
zr
z}-{x
PJ
3 - CIRCULAÇÃO MÉDIA NO OCEANO AUSTRAL –
CÁLCULO GEOSTRÓFICO
& #" !2!.! % % "#. ( $!(!(%#
#2. "( # (D ! 6F%!4 &D(- ! D! "( (D ! D
/"#!%0.-$#($#$"(D! W#6'(%# "W$!*S
!(%#($4"(6('.-%%#%#-!".*(D !%&'(
]2#! #D &.#!(#!$#D.!#$%% et al.@7889A
(#"("!#$)O!( % !'%# (!% $.($%%#'#)6!4
(2D( ".# 2#! $#! $.!* 0.". '#)6! "(
.!(#.'!$ %"#. $ .2 et al. @JLL7A-"% "( %3.
6F%!(7K88(-6($ $%##%$# (.!
+(&'( ]". (,%!4
##$ #2.!(%# "(# (D !$!".*%%
"#.%$(!#6%"23 !$.!* #$"2/a%#
!%#!'!".*(! !%.2"($%# !#/"O."!$#!!$*
!2!.! 4
!(-#!((!".*(D !%%"#.#D "#!.!*
/"*S %##D(!@NA$.".!.+(%#'#)6!$#!
(D !%"! #($#".!%! .!(#.'!QWorld Ocean Database
2001T@E8JA4
∂u
∂ z
=
g
ρ
t
f
∂ ρ
∂ y
∂v
∂ z
=−
g
ρ
t
f
∂ ρ
∂ x
@NA
/"*@NA-@u,vA($%%#%.(! !%. .! -gD
'! -f $,(# !.!-ρ D %! -ρ
0
%! (D ! ."%
\0'" @x,y,zA $% ( 1 % $ .#- %# $ !(-
$#!(%#4
.! ( "$63! 6( .". $#! .!(#.'!
.* %3. (8K- !#(!_?%% @788NA-#D
/"*@KA5
P7
v
8
=−
g
f
∂ η
∂ x
u
8
=−
g
f
∂η
∂ y
@KA
% @u
0
,v
0
A.! %.(! !%.("$63!ηD.*
"$63!.!4#2D6%! $.@+##$5GG[[[4!4%24(A-
#% ! ($"# $#! %0.!(".#!! +! '06!- 2)!
!.#!(#!$#D.!#%$3 ($% ! %#JLLPJLLL4
&2#%* .! 2."#-((.! ("$63!
!.+(%#.". 4!#(-!(-$2.( #(!%* "(%3.
.! %".$# %"#.46#-%3. 6F%!D 6!%! %
"$63!- % .! 2."# $" ( .". 4 ".#
2#! %((“modelo geostrófico”4
".# ( .'#)6!6(%#($ (M*S
%#(#!$QAcoustic Doppler Current ProfilerT@&A.! "%#
&'(E@%U(%!'4J8A-$.!$! #($ "!
$!%!$!6!*S !".*(D !#%$# ."(".#%#4
($%+ & 6( .!% *S 6( ($%+
..!*(D ! 6."O$!%!$. 4*S &"#!.! #
#.+ %#2.K-($#!(!S1/"!$#%(4
(."*$!. &D("!#"$! ( .
'#)6!- 6("2(#! "(6!.#$!.Q$2!OT(%U(
% #/"!.%#@7•AGJ788](
J
4
PP
Tabela 5. *S &-.! "%#$'(E-"#!.! $($*(
".# ( .'#)6!4 #.+ %U( ! %#!6!* $6!%$%#
#" -(! .# /"$#%-2((2%'F%!$!.4
Nº do
perfil
Comissão
WOCE
Data Latitude Longitude Profundidade
1
88N9J
JLL7GJ7G8P
JLLPG8JG77
`P48Kd
PN48Kd
``49JdE
J9478d
7PK7M(
2
88KKN
JLL7GJJGJ7
JLL7GJ7GJN
`L487d
KJ4KMd
994J8dE
KN4K9dE
JMK7J(
3
88P97
JLLKG8PG7J
JLLKG8KG8`
M74K8d
7P4JPd
`L488dE
J`4KJdE
JMK7J(
4
8878K
JLL`G8KG8N
JLL`G8MG8P
``4N7d
PN4N8d
J94`Pd
JNM4NLd
PKK8M(
5 e 6
88JML
JLLNGJ7G8J
JLLKG8JGJ9
`N49Md
P84P8d
9J49`d
JJK4P`d
7JNLP(
7
88PLJ
JLL`G89G7K
JLL`G8LG7J
`K4MNd
NN488d
JPL49Pd
JK94L`d
7JNLP(
( .'#)6!6!%#"#!.! $#!(#%$# (
#($#" ( K *S + % "#. @ #.+ % 24 `A-
$% % 1$!%!$!#!*S1!".* #!# ]-1
*S". B6!". (,%!$O!( (%#.!(!#(
2! ( E . @.#%!'4J8A4
Figura 10. $(..!* *S &@.!%+#W %U(A 0.".
#%$#'#)6!@.!%++!.#A4
Tabela 6. .!* K*S 0.". #%$# ."(6."O #($#"
N
O$
(E-$#! ".# ( .'#)6!4
Seção Latitudes Longitudes
A H] KKd`Md `94KdE
BHB6! P7dM8d 7J4Kd
CH(,%! PKdM8d JN74Kd
D H E . `Nd K9dEHPKd
EH `Ld JKM4KdHJ7K4KdE
N
$#! #((%# O$( 6."O #($#"(E##-(".#!$.!($.
%! (D !.$36!-$"%! ("(%#"#!.! %.!##"H6!.!#% -
!(-($*(#2.+%#!4
PN
($% #%$#.". $#! ( .'#)6!-
&6F%! 2!2.!'6!$ (#!($! ( .(
$ "!.!#!(%#!".*(D !%%"#.4
3.1 - RESULTADOS
( .'#)6!D$ $ "!#"#" .! %!%
#!# ] @!'4JJA- %%# ( !%U.$% %#1%#
&. 1 %# "2%#0#!4 2( #(2D( .! $ .# (
$6"% ! W"%#1&%3%".%#0#!-( !#$!et al@JLLLA.2
et al@788NA4
"(6('.-W#$% %#1%#"2%#0#!@A-(!
%#- $%# (! !%#% /" $% %# 1 %# &. @&A-
$$!%% "((!#%$# ."(4#%6!'"*#0 (
(!!%#%! -( # %#2.+ #(%et al. @788NA4
(#"#"(.+%#6!2#! $#%# '! #" 4
Figura 11. &6!. .! %!@(GA.". $.( .'#)6!%#!# ]
@*`9-KdEA4.!%++!.! $!#!@$.#A#W .!
%'#!@$#A4
!6%*%#. #%$#( ! @&A ( .D-(
(D !-7Ki .( ! @!'4J7A4O."!( *7@ !6%*
PK
`MiA- !6%*(D !!$JKi4!* #%$#.%'
($%+2*S(&4
#%#$6# /" &%".#$(K88(
$6"% ! D"(%#/".%*$#!(%## ."% \0'"4
!(-$#($*6(.". #%$#'#)6!(%#$
( !%! %#(.% &4
Figura 12. ($*%##%$#@A.". $*S &$#!
@⧫A ( .'#)6!@⧫A4
2. M $%# ".# #%$# ."( 6."O
#($#"!%#' $*42/"#%$#%!#
($%# %2!2.!'6!-(O*1*". B6!@A4#
* . .". # !( %#!(%# $"2.! @JN8JNK
'"% <'!_.-JL97V!W et al.-788MA ! 1(0$%#*
'! #6.O %# '".+4.(%#-2!O."*$!.
.!(#.'!+! '06!@JdOJdA6# #!'!% "((#'(!'".
%#($-$("(Q.!(%#"!*T$W" !% $%#*(D !
'!S('% !2!.! 4((6(/"#%$# (
%#*@AO .!##"($O!( (%#J88-6."O #($#"
( .'#)6!$%#J&E(!/".". $!W et al.
@788MA("(*(! !%.(78d-2 ("(( .($"#!%.
!".*<.2.4
(!*S(! !%!-2% ,%!%#( .'#)6!
*S &%.%."!/"( .D$ $ "!!".*
P`
%. ( "$6!!!4%#%#-. #%$#(! !%!
( W%#( E . (%.! ("! 4
Tabela 7. . #%$# ."(#($#"(K*S%%"#.P
(! !%!7%!H.". (( .'#)6!4
SEÇÃO
MODELO GEOSTRÓFICO
Transporte de volume Fluxo de temperatura
@AA]H`9-KdE JK9 J-J7&E
@BAB6!H7J-Kd 7NK P-7&E
@CA(,%!H
JN7-Kd
J`` J-`K&E
@DAE .H`Nd N 848N&E
@EAH`Ld 78 848`&E
&#" $! ( .($ "!!".* $!%!$!
( \0'"#%$# $.#D - !! !(."% \0'"(N
( $% % 1- 6"% $ "$63!- B'" "% %#0#!
@A- B'" !"($. &6"% %6! @&A- B'" !"($. &6"%
"$!@&AB'" "$63!@A4B'" "$63!%'.2#
( \0'"%%# !( %3. %! &-% #.+ $
$$)!# ##2.+4
.!(!#"$! ( 6! #(!% #D "$63!!$!%!-
$% % 1 %! σ
2
37.11@A-37 @&A36.7@&A-'"%
!#(!et al.@JLLLA<"#]!%!.@JLLPA4!( $"("(
!#!2"!* +#'F% .%' % "#.- % %W"%#(%#
(%#.%' 6."O(D ! 4*S$% %#(
E .-( $#!(%#6"% (-% ."% \0'" (!%
$.@!'4JPA4c!%#%#%#%!'"JP/"( $% %#1
.%*2!,%! W%#%"#.(%##D
%#%# %#.,%#!".b% !4c!($#%#.!%#/"#.
(!%,%! F%! 1 6!%!* # $( m0'"-
$%##! '! 4.! -$"(#" (!$36!
E .-( m0'" !6%# ( 6!%! -(B'"
&6"% 0.! @EEA-B'"&6"% E .@EEAB'"
"% E .@EEA@&!-788`A4
PM
& 2$%* !6!*S2#!(D#!6"%!%% (
2! 1 !".* 0'" $6"% - $#!".(%# #!# ]
@e`8dEA- .+ ^'".% @eJ88dA ! (,%! %
#.,%#!".b% !4'"% !et al.@JLLLA#$!%!$!.!(!#%#
6."O 4##%.2(!".*(%3!$6"% %
# %# 0'" % E .. ( #% P8d D 6#(%#
!%6."%! $.2#!(#!-% % (<"#]!_%!.@JLLPA4
Figura 13. $'6! !$!%!w
7
$% % @ !($2!OA.!(!#"$!
&@36.7A-&@37A@37.11A4(!%#$%# #$'6! 6"% %.!%+
%#%(.+.!%+ #42 $%#6!O !* $6"% !
!$!%!4
P9
%.!% #%$#%*S%!@D EA-1('% $!%!$!
'!S 6(* -(/"$ (!%#%$#
."( @!'4JNA .%' # *S-& $%#"(!($#,%!
# 26."O #($#"@!'4JKA-$!%!$.(%#%$*.#
E ..$!%!$.# %# 0'"$'! E .4
'"% +!$)# /" '"! # #2.+- !%."!( %#!2"!*
!2!.! (.$#/"!.32!%#( \0'"W.# -
("(%# %#!2"!* &&4
Figura 14. %$# ."(@A%*S@E .A@A4) !' $%#
( m0'"%/"!."% m0'"6! !! ! 4
PL
Figura 15. ."O #($#"@&EA%*S@E .A@A4) !' $%#
( m0'"%/"!."% m0'"6! !! ! 4
6#-(.! .!!($"($6"% ! -(!
%#!2"!*.#! #%$# ."( 6# #"$
(!$# ."% \0'"((2*S D E-(!."# %*
#($#"$* D @E .A !'"J`4 #%D%'!2
(3%! 4!%#" !".*!"($.&&"$(
(!! ."% \0'"-($ 2 %!'"JM-% !O
#..! (#% K8d4
c!%#%#%#%6!'"J`/"( &$"!#($#"(!
.#(.*#%# *46#-'"% D.". %@$et al.-
7888A-$(/".%0!$/"!.!2#(#(6W
"$! $!%!$.(%#$.%# &- ! ."( &/"+'
!"!#!"($.4
N8
Figura 16. * #($#"@E .A-$%#% $6"% ! ( .!% 1
-&&4 2#! .!(#.'!E8J4
Figura 17. * #($#"@B6!A-$%#% $6"% ! ( .!% 1
-&&4 2#! .!(#.'!E8J4
NJ
##( #%$#%!-#D *SA-BC-$
!($#,%!(.*1 (!( 4&#!".(%#%!O -&
&$"(#%$# ."((.+%#@!'4J9A-$ $"3((%
%#!2"!*(.*6."O #($#"/"% ($ 1@!'4JLA4
#'!$% .!(!#%#B'" "$63!%#0#!@A0
6(* B'"%#( !0!%#0#!@A4%/"%#%%#%#
%#!%%#%#0#!&-!#!O!#(/"%#16(* !#!2"!*
%%"#.@.Y%-JLLMA4&D(-$ (!%'!
%U. 1 (6(* "$"4!(- (!6."O
#($#" %# ( # ! 1 (! #($#"- % "( .
!($#%# 4
Figura 18. %$# ."(@A%*S@]A-@B6!A@(,%!A4) !'
$%#( m0'"%/"!."% m0'"6! !! ! 4
N7
Figura 19. ."O #($#"@&EA%*S@]A-@B6!A@(,%!A4) !'
$%#( m0'"%/"!."% m0'"6! !! ! 4
$ *S%6+("(!"!#!"($.-. .!(!#(
$!%!$!'!S 6(* -% $/"+W(!$ .
% $ #(64 %#%#- 6."O #($#" !%#'
$%# %#2.M-W"%#(%#".# $%# %6!'"JK-"(
!% ! /"!".*(D !D$%0.$"(6."O #($#"
"( ( '% (%/"%0!$6+2.%*#( !%,(!
". - $O!( (%#8-NK&E( # ( ]_!%
@JL9JA4 #$.6# ( .'#)6!-$ 6!%!*-%$
$ "!6!# !2!.! (.2(%#4.+!$)#
$)!( !#2.+-($ et al. @7888A-.Y%_!%#".@788J2A
^#%_+..@7887A-/"$$S"('% !($#,%! *%W"%#
!2!.! (. %#%6(* "(QD.". %T-
$$!%% "(6."O .".#%#$".#D 4%#%#-"(
%0.!(!$! 6."O(! !%!##!@!"($.A#%%0!-
% #( $)O!($3#".4
NP
2% #%$#(! !%!!%#' %.(%#%#!.@!'4
78A-(.! 2"(( .%"(D!$!Wet al.@788MA-6!! %#
!%6."F%! # .!(!#* % "F%! D.". !".* $6"% -
$% % (!(%# B'"&6"% #.,%#!#@&A$".
1O$#* $%#W"%#6"% 4"W-%( .'#)6!
$*$6"% QD.". %T%#0$%#4
Figura 20. %$#(! !%.!%#' %.#!.(%#.%' (3%! ( .
'#)6!-(#% (".#%$#$".((.+#%$#$%#4
! 1 2!O ."* @JdOJdA- ( . '#)6! D !%$ .
6!*S ( '% ! 6(* 2Y $!(!(
2.3%! - $#%#- $ "! .!#!(%# %# (! !%!
%#%$6"% %#%!W"%#1$.#6(%#!%%#.%#0#!4
!(- $ $ $ "! !".* $6"% - ( .
'#)6!%$%# /" (%#(%# "'!S
6(*$! W%#4% %'! W%# E .-
%# 0'"%O#(! .# '!@eP8dAD$%# $.( .-(
NN
%3 #D 6 .+)! ".-($O!( (%#
7`°E@!'47JA4
Figura 21. .! $%!%# ( .'#)6!(0!%3!-%'! W%#
E .4!($2!O#$%# !".*(H"$63!-7888(N888(4
%#%!% !(!%#%! .! 2."#4#6($%# 7$%#
' $6!.!#!".!*4
NK
3.2 - CONCLUSÕES OBTIDAS A PARTIR DO MODELO GEOSTRÓFICO
( .'#)6!6!$ $%#!".*(D !%%
"#.-( (%#% ,%! #%$#.". (#!(#!
%#!2#! $#! 2!2.!'6!4.D( !-#%$#%( "$!
%"#.#!( #D ( .$%#(2% ,%!(
1/"..". $#! &.# "%#&'(E4
U%!O*$#2$%#* #%$#6!'! #6.O
%# '".+-/"%%#%#%D6 $%##" 4
&#!".(%#-!".*%.(#"2($%# $.( .
'#)6!4".# 6%##%$#(! !%!%*S (
E .(#(/"!".*(D !%DU%!$$%0.
$.#%$# ."(.$".4#$ !%6! $.$/"%
. #%$#.". $.( .'#)6!-/"% % ((
#!(#!$"2.! 4%! % /"#!($% (!$#
."(6( -$/"W("('! !%#%#(
#(6 - %/a%#(%#- 6."O #($#" !%#% ( "
6%#!4
6(-#!(/"#!! (. ($%+"($$.
6"% (%#.%#%$#%#%"#.2! ( E .
-!%6."%!% 6(* 0'" 6"% 4
(%+! !".*(D !-$ ($ ( !
%#!2"!* ! O."!(%#$'#)6!@$#"2*SA4
(!(!($. #%$#(! !%!#D #%%#
%0!4c$!-!% - .!(!#(.+6%#!%#'!( !%,(!
2! W%#4(2$%# !"#! '"!4
N`
4 - TROCAS ATRAVÉS DA CCA – UMA VISÃO
CIRCUMPOLAR
( #2.! # (D ! !".* % % "#.-
#!((# !%$ $%0. $.6."O . %0!$
2.%$ %$#(6 %#!%%#%#0#!4
6#-#.2*# (+!$)#!'%# #!! (
.$%0.$#.6."O4
'"% #!(#!- P8OJ8
JP
E #%6! % $
#(6". @< %_Y.-JLMKV ]_!%-JL9JA4
6(-$"(%0.! #.+ #%$#(! !%!#D
D%0!"($$#!!"($./"!%."%#!2"!* $
(.4 ( $!(! $O!(* $ #!( %#!2"!* $ #!
$ 0$#! "(2.%* .#D 4
'"% !#$ ]_!%@JL9JA-$ (O$fluxo
meridional de calor#D -!%#' #!.(%#.%' "(*
!"($.-$5
F
BC
+F
BT
+F
EK
+F
E
=Q
@`A
% F
BC
D%#!2"!*$.#%$#(D !2.3%!- F
BT
#%$#(D !
2#)$!-F
EK
#%$#%( ](%-F
E
#%$#$.!2!.!
(.Q/"%#! .$ ! $#(6". (!%+
!%#'*4 ]_!%@JL9JA6!((/"-$#! +! '06!
%#-$ (#!(( !$!(!#($/"%(.*Q
@F
BT
h8V F
BC
eJOJ8
JP
EA4% #( ](%%%#! %#@F
EK
eJKOJ8
JP
EA-
#""# !##%$#$.#!! (."(!($#,%!
# %/"!.32!#( !%,(! %"#.@F
E
eNKOJ8
JP
EA4
%#%#-2+! '06!"#!.! $#"#D($#
`888 #*S !#!2"3 !'".(%# % #($ % $* $. %
"#.-#% "((0$%#* #"#" ."% \0'"4.D( !-
NM
%#6(2#! #D #!(#!!".$#! 6!'"`
#2.+ Y.et al. @JLM9A4
( +W ( !- $" ( !*S 6( .! ( !%#"!#
/"%#!6! #%$# $. #!! (. % - %.!% "
!($#,%! 2 /"!.32! !%,(! #( !%,(! % "#.4
& (!#/"!"(($%+ !#$&+!..!$_!%#".@7888A-.! %
%#O# $'( E- ( !%#.* "( * %#X(#
(%#! .%' !%-!%! %#($6!.+! '06!P".
"#0.!4O#$.% ".# 2#! $#%# $"!"($.
-"#2#!("(#%$#!%#' L8OJ8
JP
E$".- (
'% %0!$'%#!2.%* .%$).4
6#-'"% ^#%_+..@7887A- .#!(D#!!%#%#,%
.("(%#2#%#!%#0.-($%* (% )#!4
(2!%% #1 +! '06!-"##!((/"#%##%$#
(! !%. ./"%#/"%#! (!(%#!($#$.#% %#%
"$63!6!.(%# 2.% $Q6."O$$!% $.#!!
(.T4
&#".!#!(#!!'!%! ]_!%@JL9JA2#
!#!2"!*$!. #%$# #(P(# .'!4$#! "#!.!*
2 ( %-("(2#""6!!%#2%"#.$
$%# 6( /" !2!.! (.# (D !
!".*-2"("(#".!* .2#! !'!%.(%#$."#
"$!# 4%#%#-D%0!!%!!.(%# #(!%$!* (!%+
!%#'*$2.%*O$$@`A4
'"!% ]_!%@JL9JA-%#&.@&A6!"#!.! (
(!%+ !%#'*-$% % 1!#( J-Pv(D !%#!.2#!
$#! .!(#.'!E8J@!'477A4# 6!%!* &%$(!#
"(!($#%#!($.!6!*%##(%# 6."O2#)$! .-(0
!# !%#4.D( !-"#!.!* &((!%+ !%#'*%$(!#
!.!#( !%,(! (".4
N9
Figura 22.&!* %#&.- #(!% (!#( J-Pv(D !%#!. 2
E8J4
4.1 - PRIMEIRA ETAPA – BALANÇO DE ENERGIA
"( #(!% %#!2"!* #( 6%# #%$#
2.3%! ](%%2.%* .O$$@`A-!%#' ("(!"!#
!"($.4#($% %##%$#2#)$!D $ -"(
/" "#!.!( "( !"!# !"($.- !%! %# ( %# &.- %
#($#" !%#' % #!. D %#%#4 # ( "( #%$#
2#)$!!%#' %".4
($% ".# 2#! (#!(#! $ .
%$#(6". - eP8OJ8
JP
E-$ (!%6!('%!#"
#%$#.! #D !2!.! 4
&.".%#!2"!*2.3%!6("#!.! +! '06!
.!(#.'!E8J4((!%+ !%#'*$% "( !#(
!%#' #!.(%#-"2#!" #($#"(D !@θ
0
A-6%
6( % $#"2* #($#" # (D !4 & 0.".
%#!2"!*2.3%!6!"#!.! .*5
NL
@MA
# 6(".* s $% 1 % .%' (!%+
!%#'*-ρD %! 0'" (-δD%(.! ."($36!-θ
#($#" $#%!.- z
r
(s) D $6"% ! %3. 6F%!- H(s) D
$6"% ! .%' (!%+ !%#'*-c
P
D.$36! 0'" (
f6# !.!42 %#"((D !4
#%$# %'!%( ](%#0.!% 1#% %#
.%' &@τ
(s)
A5
F
EK
=
∫
−qtt
t
cf
−1
θ
sfc
−θ
8
τ
s
ds
@9A
% θ
sfc
D#($#"$#%!.(D ! $!(!J88( ."% m0'"-
$%#% ( ](%4
("#!.! #% %#2"$63!$%!%#
.!(#.'! (2#+et al.@JL9LA-2 %%0.! QEuropean Centre for
Medium-Range Weather ForecastsT @EA- ?..(%%#!% @JL9PA-
.D( .! %#J8( QNational Centers for Environmental
PredictionT@&A4&0.". #% %#$#! &
$.!(6(".*# !!%.@LA-(6!!%# #@
A$$#$
Z..% _Y.@JLL`A$%#"$!P(G6(".*($3!
!##(@JLMMA$.! !%6!P(G@J8A4
τ=ρC
D
DV
10
2
@LA
/"*@LA-ρD %! V
10
.! %#-( ! 1J8(
"$63!4
K8
F
BC
=
∫
{
−
∫
−H
t
c
P
€
θ−θ
t
∫
−H
8
gρf
−0
∂ δ
∂ s
dz dz−
[
∫
−H
t
c
P
€
θ−θ
8
dz
][
∫
−H
t
gρf
−0
∂δ
∂ s
dz
]
}
ds
J888×C
D
= 84`8 4 8M×V
J8
J888×C
D
= 84 7L
P 4J
V
J8
}4 }
V
J8
7
J888×C
D
= 84`7
J4|~
V
J8
@J8A
$#"$#(# .'!$6!!%# #@C
D
A$2
( "( #" ( %- .! ( ( 2# % % "#.4 (!
(# .'! ("(%# "#!.! $F( #" .! % # %
+(!6D!%#46(-6!!%#($3!"#!.! (@J8A D/"(
(.+$%#4
2.9$%# !6%#6%# %#"#!.! -2(
("."*S$!!%W"%##($. "#!.! %.!(#.'!4
Tabela 8. %# %#"#!.! $.". #%$#%( ](%%2.%*
.#D %#&.4
CLIMATOLOGIA
RESOLUÇÃO
ESPACIAL
PERÍODO DOS
DADOS
TIPO DE DADO
%2#+et al.@JL9LA 7-KdO7-Kd JL98HJL9L %S%"$63!
?..(%_%#!%
@JL9PA
7dO7d J9M8JLM` %S%"$63!
& 7-KdO7-Kd JLN9788K .! J8(
$#! ($* ".# 2#! !6%#2 -
2#!("(#!(#!%6!0.$%#!2"!* #%$#2.3%!%
( ](%46(-$" (!%6!%#!2"!* #!! (
.%#%$# (.#D %#&.4
%#%#- (D# "#!.! %# $!(! #$ % 6% (%#
#!(#!!% !# 6."O$)#!46(- #( "2 '%
$+'#!(#!(!$!-$% % 1#$7P4
KJ
J8
l`(G
P(G•
J8
•`(G
J8
‚P(G
4.2 - SEGUNDA ETAPA – MODELO PARAMÉTRICO BASEADO
EM ALTIMETRIA
$#! .#!(#!$#D.!#-$ ( #(!%%(.!
.* "$63!-%/a%#(%#- %(.! .! !
#-#D .*'#)6!5
v=−
g
f
∂η
∂ x
@JJA
% vD6."#"* .! -g D.* '! -f D6# !.!
ƞD%(.! .*4
$#! .! .". - $ ( #!( %'! !%D#!
! 1!2!.! -($% -!(-'!S (!#!! (
.4 %#%#- .* %# %'! !%D#! #"2".%# #%$#
#"2".%# $$! ((.%#0.(%##2.! 4
6# %$"!("(%+!(%# #.+ #"#" ."%
\0'"%(!#%#(%# .*(# !"!#!"($.-6
(/"%W$3..". !#(%#6."O .4
(D# $$# !%!!.(%# ( ?..[Y _ ^!#(%%% @JL9NA
?..[Y@JL9`A-#%$# $$! %#!$.#!! (
.O$#D "(6!!%# !6"#"2".%#@KA.!% 1
6"%* %#'#)6!@ψA$@J7A5
ψ=
gh
f
K=Cψ
@J7A
% h D6."#"*(D !/" 0#! .* "$63! C "(6!!%#
%"(D!($3!@e8-NA4
&D(-@J7A$# $!%3$! !#$!+!%#.%6!# #!!
(.4#$!%3$!D/"2 %! (-$O($.-$%*
% 2Y-( !#$?"'+@JLL`A$ !"#! '"!4
K7
2#% !*-($%%#(! !%. !6"!! #"2".%# .'.
$ !#$5
K
X
Cψ≃
K
y
Cψ≃
J
μ
βu
ζ
7
7
−J
@JPA
% βD ! (! !%. f-ζ D(D !/" 0#! #!! Q#"2".%#T
@.#!1!2!.! A-uD(D !/" 0#! .! Q#"2".%#Tμ D"(
6#/" $% 6( $# #!! (.@μ ~ 3'"%
?..[Y-JL9`A4
6(-$ ($.!6!!%# K
y
$#!(#%$#
$$! -#D "(/"* !6" #!$5
v'T' =−K
y
∂T
∂ y
u'T' =−K
x
∂T
∂ x
@JNA
% @u',v'AD6."#"*%.! ! 1$#"2*S
T
D(D !#!.
#($#"$#%!.4#%$#.". 6(%#$W# ("(
($%%#.%'"##D %#&.42.+(/"!(%#(
($%%##D %#&.-#!(% !(6."O .#D
4
(# .'! !#6!$.! %#!(%#$&36!$?..[Y
@JL9`A-$%("% !.$#((@JLLM-JLL9A4#" #((-
%%#%#-%"#.%6!2(.! ! 6!.#$!. N8](
$.! 4% (!/"! 6(* 2Y$'!-
6!.#.!(!%$#!(%## 6%X(% (.4
$%##2.+-#(# .'!6!$.! $"(6!O!"($.-
2%'% $#! ! %#!6!* %#&. %#"2%#0#!4
#6!O#% %#.#!#" P8dM8d-"6!!%#$2*
($ 6##!! (.4
KP
4.3 - TERCEIRA ETAPA – MODELO PARAMÉTRICO BASEADO
NA CLIMATOLOGIA
"#6( #!(#%$#$.#!! (.(
+!$)# ( # $ "# !%#2!.! 2.3%! % 4 !(-
"#!.!("(( .$(D#! %.! $!2]et al.@JLLMA-+32!
! D! %.! $ <% @JLM8A #% @JLM7A $ #(6 (
6(.!( <%#_E!..!(@JLL8A4
#!$$#$<%@JLM8A-!#$#%@JLM7A-2!%6#
(#3#! #%$# $$! $.#!! (.
%/aF%! "#"#"4"$% /"#%6F%! #($#"%
6 !(%# !%#2!.! -"# "(6( 6!!%#
!6"@^A( %# .!2* %'!$#%!.#D !%#2!.!
2.3%!- Q%"(!% T '! 6%#.4 & !20#! !( %#
$%0!$.#"* %2.3%!-6%% %'!$#%!.$
%(%#Q ' T#D )#!4
'"% #"#-#%$#(! !%. $$! $.)#!
$ O$$"( /"* !6" 6!]!%-(.+%# 1 @JNA4
6(-$ ($ !6"(! !%. #($#"5
v'T' =−K
vy
∂ T
∂ y
−K
vz
∂T
∂ z
@JKA
% 6!!%# !6"K
vy
K
vz
$ (.!% $#! !%.!%*
(D ! !$!%!-O$$@J`A4
K
vz
=
q
7
K
vy
S
rho
@J`A
% S
rho
D!%.!%* !$!%!-O$$5
KN
S
rho
=
M
7
N
7
N
7
=
∂b
∂ z
M
7
=∣
∂b
∂ y
∣
@JMA
%
b=−gσ / ρ
8
DQ6."#"2!.! T@buoyancyA-σ %! $#%!. ρ
o
"(
%! (D !4!(-N
2
D"(( ! ##!6!*#!.-%/"%#M
2
D"(
( ! ##!6!*+!%#.4
2#% 6!!%# !6"+!%#.@K
vy
A@J9A-$ ( #(!%-
$#%#-6!!%# !6"#!.@K
vz
A"2#!#"!#!.(@JKA4
K
vy
=α
f
Ri
l
r
@J9A
% Ri %"( !+ % 6."O .' .- l . $!.
(! !%. )#! α "( %#%# $$!%.! #(!%
($!!(%#@αe8-889((!2] et al-JLLMA4
$!%!$./"#!/"!2. l "#!.! 4'"% <%#_
E!..!(@JLL8A-"(.(3%!($#.$ .!% !
6(* 2Y $!(! ( 2.3%! " $*(%# %#
$%# -/"6(%4&D(-.!% #O !(%#..
!%#2!.! -$ (+'(.+#!(#!$l-.!% 1.'"
%2.3%!4.$$##0 (! D!!'!%.(%#$%#
$<%@JLM8A4
#O.. !(%#@1/t
e
A#0.!% 1!%.!%* !$!%!
@S
rho
A1##!6!*@NA-'"% 5
q
t
e
=
f
Ri
e
J
H
∫
− H
t
M
r
N
dz=
J
H
∫
−H
8
S
rho
Ndz
@JLA
.'" %2.3%!D%# 6!%! ('!% 1/t
e
O
J8i ".(0O!(@!2]et al.-JLLMA4
KK
#!%% % 6%!. 6( ($%+ %#%
!$!%!-#( !6"#!.(@JKA$6!#%$# !$!%.4
##(D%(.(%#("!#$/"%/"% ($ #(K
vy
-'"%
<%#_E!..!(@JLL8A4
6( (.+%# 1 #$ "( !- !( "#!.! .!(#.'!
E8J4 !($.(%#* (D# -#!((!%!!.(%#$6"% !
!%6."F%! !2!.! (. ( 7888(- ( #2.+
.! $#((@JLLMVJLL9A4#.$% 1$6"% ! (D !
$!%!$!2!1!".* 46(-$#"2*S (##
.%(3%!($!%#'!((#$'6! 6"% -#3#!%0!
$%6!($!%!$!#! 2.%* ((%# #D #%S
6(%6"% @!%#". et al-788JV.2 et al, 788NA. 6((.+%#1
'"% #$-!O+!%#!6(#!% 6(2#(6."O
.#%.1%#&.4
# (# .'! 6! $.! %#!(%# .!(#.'!
$#((@JLL9A$%'.2.4%#%#-#.#2.+6"
'!/"#!.-%2"% #.+ (%#%"#.46#-
6!.#$!.$.! $."#.!(!%"%#!2"!* 6%X(%(.
$)O!(! 6(* 2Y(D ! %"#.4
"# #2.+ !( ($ ".# # ( . ( "#
( .$(D#!"!(".*S .#."*-(D ^#%_
+..@7887A4"#$.!((D# ?..[Y@JL9`A .#!(D#!
"($6!.(D !#! .!(#.'!$'! -2#%
. !6"!! (! !%. (! /" /". 2#! ( ( .
!2]et al. @JLLMA$((6%# +! '06!4
4.4 - RESULTADOS
6!'"7P$%#".# $!(!#$-!%."!% 6."O
. $ #F .!(#.'! %# "#!.! @!'4 7PA- %#!2"!*
'#)6!2.3%!@!'47P2A-!(($!* &$($*@!'4
7PA4
K`
6."O . .". $ ( ](% @-47.8±13x10
13
WA
$%#("($ !#!2"!*$!.(.+%#$#F.!(#.'!
#%SG%#-$"!% .$)O!( /".#!( $ ]_!%
@JL9JA@-45±30x10
13
WA4#$ '"!*.#!#" !%. $!* &-(
(!6."O$%#!%! !% ((%.#!#" &4# 6#
$#%# '! #" #(!$)O!(%U. %# W#
#(6D!-!% #4".# $.!(#.'!$O!((/"%#
(!$)O!( D#%$#.". - (%#% /"$%# #!%.
%". %#% %#6%# "#!.! 46#-!*%
!%#* !O & .## $ /" %#". ( .'"( '!S
!%! ( $! #%$#4 !6%* % #%$# !%#' $ (
2 %".# $%# %#2.L-(2#%+((( (
'% 4
Figura 23. ".# 6."O #($#" $!(!#$-O$(E##4!($
2!O5@AA."O #($#"%( ](%-.". .!(#.'!E@⧫A-?_
@⧫A&@⧫AV@BA."O #($#" ! $2.3%!@CA&!* (!%+
!%#'*!%! %#(%#&.4.!%+#W #!!!% !(.!(!#%#
2! %&36!-#.,%#!b% !4
KM
6."O . ! .!(#.'! %# &D.(%#
(%/" (!4#$ #.!% 1"#!.!* .! %#-
"(/"6(".*"#!.! $.".#%S$%#&
@Z..% _Y.-JLL`AD !6%# /"."#!.! $.!(#.'!?..(%
_!%#!%@JL9PAE@'_&% -JL9JA4
%#!2"!*2.3%!$6."O #($#"$%# %!'47P2-
.'"('!S((!6."O #($#"@O45(K8vEH$)$'(
$]V(78vH". #6.O %# '".+A!%! ((
'% (" %*.#!#" !%!%$!* &"0.#(%#%'D#!-%
%#&.%#02( 6!%! 4'.-%##%#-!*%%#!2"!*
2.3%!%$%#%#(!*%$!* &-(2
$( ](%4#$ !#("(!% !* /"(!%+
!%#'*!%! %#(%#&.D- 6#-"(2.+$ 6!%!*
$%# $* !#( !%,(! #%# %"#.
".4
%#!2"!*2.3%!$6."O .-!%#' %&-D -2,7 x
10
13
W4$.!% #.%2.%*O$$@`A-($O!( (%#30 x
10
13
W .$ ! %$#(6". ".#
.". $ ( ](%- 2#F( #F #!(#! $ 6."O
#"2".%# .@24LA4
Tabela 9. ."O .!%#' %%#&.-.". $#! #F.!(#.'! %#-
6."O .$.!2!.! .! #D 2.%* /"*@`A4
Climatologias
Fluxo de Calor na camada
de Ekman – F
EK
(10
13
W)
Fluxo de Calor pela atividade de
meso-escala - F
E
(10
13
W)
& M4`
-34.9
?_ J9
-45.3
E P`
-63.3
#".# $"((( ( '% .". $
]_!%@JL9JA@F
BC
~ 8n7POJ8
JP
E-F
BT
~ 8nJ8OJ8
JP
E-F
EK
~ JKOJ8
JP
E-
F
E
~ -45±30 x 10
13
WA4
K9
6# %#!2"!*S$.6."O(D !'#)6!($)O!(
%(!$# &6#.+!$)# /"#!! (.W
"( $ + % 6."O . #%$# 0'" !"($.
(! !%.(%##D 4%#%#-#D"(#!(#!!% !#-"(
/" 0.". '#)6! .! $#! "( .!(#.'! ( ."*
Q'!T@JvOJvA%$#" !#(%#%#!2"!* !2!.! (
.4$ $%#(((."*$!.-$(/"( .
$(D#! $#"( # %#!2"!*- $%#% . 6."O .
$)O!(#!( #D #2.%*4.$##!#(2 %6#
( . $(D#! ( $ . $ "%# %
$%#*(D !$$!% $..!(#.'!4
6!'"7N$%# !#!2"!*%6."O ..". $#!
( . $(D#! 2 % .#!(#! '"% #$4 ( 2 $
!W et al. @788MA-#%$##"2".%#$%#('.(%#$/"%
/"% !%#' %.(%# 6(!"($.-$ % %##%#$%#
.!($#%#/"% .! ('!S(%4
6#-".# $%# %6!'"7N(#(.(%#/"6."O
.%%#('!S2( 6!%! - # (%#%$*S %
"#. W%# % #.,%#! b% !4 0 ( (! #%$#
!%#' #0%#.,%#!@24J8A4
#!%6(*D"!.2(Q$*#.,%#!T %
"#. W%# E .-% (! K8i ."( D6(
@Orsi et al.-JLLLA. .(%#-#._^!(@788JA.!%(!2!.! %
6(* 1/"%#! &/"%#% E .4".#
( .$(D#!!% !(-%#-/"!2!.! (. "(
6#!($#%#!%6."%!% ##%$# &$".#D -2
6( &4%#% % '*($#(%# !%,(! !2!.!
(.-$ (%#!2"!$."! * .!'*SO!#%#%#
% 6(* #%# %("% !.4
KL
Figura 24. ."O #($#"$.#!! (.#D &-'"% ".#
( .$(D#!2 (!%6(*S .* "$63! (4.!%+#W
#!!$%#(.!(!#%#$!%!$!2!,%!4
6( (.+%# ".# ( . $(D#! 2 %
.#!(#!@!'47NA-( .$(D#! #!#$@!'47KA#(2D($%#
6."O .%%# (#'!S4.(%#- !#!2"!*S 6."O
#($#" ( (2 ( . ("!# $)O!(- ( "( U%! '!
# ! ,%!%#J`KvJMKv4
Figura 25. ."O #($#"$.#!! (.#D &-'"% ".#
( .$(D#!2 %.!(#.'!E8J4.!%+#W #!!$%#(
.!(!#%#$!%!$!2!,%!4
'!S 6."O #($#"%#" -% ( .% (-
#..! 5$)O!(50°W-$% % 1&'( ]V30°E,".
#6.O %# '".+V85°E-% %#&.D . $
". ! 1$%* &.#" ^'".%4
`8
6."O . !%#' #D %# &.-'"% ( .
$(D#!- # $%# % #2. J84 (2 ( . $
$ "! #%$# % ( ('%!#" %0! $ 6+ 2.%*
.". %$!(!#$@JA@~ -47.8x10
13
W ±15.5A4
Tabela 10. ."O ..". $#! ( .$(D#! '"% #!#$-
!! $$* %"#. W%# 2!,%!H#.,%#!@M8vE78vAVb% !
@78vJN`vAV&36!@JN`vM8vEA4
Método
Fluxo de calor através da Frente Polar
Pacifico Atlântico Indico TOTAL
. $(D#! H
.* "$63!
(@7v#$A
JPOJ8
JP
E 7POJ8
JP
E J9OJ8
JP
E
-55x10
13
W
. $(D#! H
.!(#.'!@Pv#$A
JKOJ8
JP
E J9OJ8
JP
E J7OJ8
JP
E
-45x10
13
W
#%$#.". % ((".# 2#! %#!(%#
$#! O#$.* $%#"! ($$# !"!#!"($.
@24 JJA4 %#%#- O#$.* .# $%#".(%#
%! ("! ! 1'% !*$!. 6."O! %! %
6!'"7N7K-( !"#! $<!..@788PA4
Tabela 11. ."O . ! 1#!! (.!%#' %%"#.-2#!
$#! !6%# 4.%'#!!% !(6."O$".4
Referência Localização
Transporte Integrado
(10
13
W)
%#X(#
Y %@JLMLA ] K8
&+!..!$_!%#".@7888A ". (,%! L8
?! '6!
]_!%@JL9JA NK
.Y%_!%#".@7888A P8vHN8v P`n9
.#!(#!
#((@JLL9A N8v P8
$ ".# !%#' (2( .$(D#!$%#(
(( ( ('%!#" - "( !6%*!($#%# D 2 %#
%&36!4( .2 %.#!(#!-+0"((!6."O%'!
`J
b% !(($*&36!-(#..*!%#% %( .2 %
.!(#.'!E8J4!!% - .#!(#!!% !("(#%$#$
%#$O!( (%#JN`v-%/"%#( . #!#$!% !#%$#
($$".@!'"7N7KA4
&%#% #. !6%* (#((%# !!($#%#$#
2 ( . #! #$5 @JA #%$# %# ( . $% (
!%.!%* !$!%!-6.#!% "($ !%#2!.! 2.3%!%
$#"2*DQ.!(%# T$.%'!$#%!.(D ! !$%3.V@7A".#
2!( ( "( .!(#.'! #"#" +! '06! % "#.4
##!6!*(D !%%"#.$%#"(D! '"%!$!%!-
/"$% (1$!*S 6%#,%!@!%#". et al.-788JV.Y%_
!%#".-788JV.2et al.-788NA@!'47MA4&#"2*S ##"#"$.#!!
(.%#$%# %.!(#.'!46#-.!2* %'!
$#%!. # (D !- ( "* !%.!%* !$!%!- /"%
!%#2!.!* %#G"(! % .%'$3 -%D$#"
/" (%#$#( .-/"6.#(%#($#(%#(D !4
0 ( . $(D#! '"% #$ 2! % 6"%* %#
'#)6!.". $#! %(.!%.* "$63! (4(
/"#!%6(*D .%' "(D!#($.$#! ( !*S$
#D.!#- $ (%! ("($%#*(!O# "(
6%X(% #!$!(%# #%!%#- % % $% %# "( $ 63!
!. (%#46(-%#!2"!*S "#$.D( !%#2!.!
2.3%!#$%# @O4!%#2!.! 2#)$!-$$'* %
$.%#0!-#A4
($% $/"!%6."%!((2( .@!'47`A-2
/"'!S((!!2!.! "$63!$% (1/".((!
!%.!%* !$!%!4#!% !/"#.#!! $ - 6#-#.!' "(
$ !%#2!.! %#4.(%#-".# ( .$(D#!
2 % .!(#.'! !% !( /" !%#2!.! 2.3%! % %# &.
%#!2"!6#!(%#$6."O .4
!%-%##%#-%4'!S%2! &36!('%
!%.!%*%!$!%!%$"($% F%!%!,%! .*
`7
"$63!4#'!S-".# ( . #$P(#("(.
6."O$".4
Figura 26. ($*%#!,%! .* "$63! (@⧫A-!%.!%* !$!%!
@⧫A' !%# #($#"(D !#!.$$% !".(%#1%#&.@⧫A4$$!
6(%(.! $"$#! !$ S4.!%+#W #!!!% !(
.!(!#%#$!%!$!2!,%!4
.(%#-!.% "(*(! !%.(J`N-Kv-$ /"
'!((!!%.!%*%!$!%!$% 1/".((!!,%!
.* "$63! (@!'47MA4#D ("#'!S-(
#!# ]". (,%!4
Figura 27. *(! !%.(J`N-Kv-(#% !,%!%.* "$63! ($#!
@!(A!%.!%* !$!%!@^'G(
P
A'"% .!(#.'!E8J
@2!OA4!%#.%%#% %! D 84K^'G(
P
4.!%+).! #!.$%#
$!* %#&.-%6( 6!%! $2.%* $!(!#$4
`P
%#%#-(#% 78v@!'479A-2"((!!,%!%
.*! 1 #6.O %# '".+-/"%D #(%#
.! % .!(#.'!4 $! !,%! %#'! *$%#(
. N(!/"%#%# ((-$ +"($!
%#0.!%! %#('! &4
Figura 28.*(! !%.(78-Kv-(#% !,%!%.* "$63! ($#!
@!(A!%.!%* !$!%!@^'G(
P
A'"% .!(#.'!E8J
@2!OA4!%#.%%#% %! D 84K^'G(
P
4.!%+).! #!.$%#
$!* %#&.-%6( 6!%! $2.%* $!(!#$4
6#- $(% !% /"# 2 /". 6#! %#!2"!*
!%#2!.! 2.3%! $ !2!.! (. 2 % %
"#.4#((@JLLM-JLL9A.!%(!$# %'!%(.%
%("% !.$ !%#2!.! 2.3%!4".# ( .
$(D#! #!#$!% !(/"#+!$)#$ ##$'!
&4%##%#-D!% %0!"(#" (!$6"% ($% %
6#% !!%%# !%#2!.! $%6!(#! D!4
`N
5 - AVALIAÇÃO DA SIMULAÇÃO GLOBAL COM O
MODELO HYCOM PARA O OCEANO AUSTRAL
( .$(D#!$.! %6%("(! !#!2"!*
$!.2! !(%!%. #!! (.4%#%#-#( .
!%$ ."#"#"#!.!*%#($4
& "$! # F%!- $#!".(%# /"%# 1 #"#" #!.-
"#!.!(".# "(!(".*'.2.-.! (( .?Z-
(.#."*@JGJ7vA4.!(".*D$ .('!%.(%#.
$!!! 1!2!.! (.-"(/""."*$!.
D (# ! 6(* 2Y $!(!( 2.3%!(
.#.#!#" 4
%#%#-D%0!$!(!(%#!6!$! ( .(
$%#$!%!$!#3#! !".*%%"#.46(-
$ ( "( .!* ".# !(".* %"(D!- %.!%
$ "* $!%!$!#3#!%'06!(D ! !2!.! 4
5.1 - ANÁLISE DO TRANSPORTE E VELOCIDADES MÉDIAS
($!(!6( ##(( .$ "!".*(D !D
#D 0.". #%$#(D !#D "(*(! !%.%#!#
]4#*6!.+! $-.!(%#-0((!%U(
( !*S0.". #%$#$%'! W%#%#.,%#!
".4
#%$#(D !("(*(! !%.`9-KvE-$P%
!(".*-6! 147±9.4 Sv4# .D .!'!(%# !%6!1#!(#! 6!#
#D ( .'#)6!@JK9A-$O!(% %##%# "#0.".
#%$#.! $#! ($@JN8nJ8'"% <%+" _
E"%+-7888VJPPn7'"% .Y%-JLLMVJ7KnJ8'"% [.!%%
^.!%]-JL9`E+!#[#+% [.!%-JL9MA4
`K
($#!(%#"#( .%"(D!.!(%#($' $
#" %"#.@24J7A-$%#!(".* ?Z$%#
".# (!$)O!( /".2#! $#! ($4U%!O*
D( .&&-/"$%#"".# "($"(!$)O!( #!(#!
$#! 4
Tabela 12. %$# ."( (]-.". $#! .'"%( .,%!
(.#."*.!(%#"#!.! (#" %"#.@ $# .2et al.-
788NA4
Modelo Resolução Transporte Referência
JGNdOJG7d-P7%3! JLK <"$JLLJ
L7 JG7d-78%3! J98 (#%_+!%JLL7
L7 JGNd-78%3! J`P (#%_+!%JLL7
&& eJ8^(-78%3! JP` .#" et al.JLL9
JGNd-P`%3! JK7 Oet al.7888
HYCOM 1/12º, 33níveis 147±9.4 Sv $%##2.+
#D !(".* %"(D!- $ ( #!( !* #($.
#%$#-"( $!%!$!.!(!#*S ( .'#)6!@!'47LA4
Figura 29. Variação temporal do transporte de volume (Sv) simulado pelo modelo HYCOM em
uma seção meridional em 68,5°W – Passagem de Drake.
``
.!%( % $# #%$# ( ] /"# $!%!$!
6/aF%!%'". !2!.! @!'4P8A-$% % $O!( (%#
$3 363 !-78 !-57 !16 !4
Figura 30. $# %'! #%$# ."(!(". $.( .?Z("(*
(! !%.(`9-KvE@]A4!O 6/aF%!@2!A#O$( G !4.!%+
#W "..$%#(%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4#(.+
@→A!% !(/"#6/aF%!(!%'D#!- !#%#O#4&.!(%# $#6!
"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+K4
& %# .(%# "( .# %'! ! 1 2!O 6/aF%!
%'".- (. .! ! 1 $/"% O#% #($. ".#
!(".* @P %A4 !(- $!(! $! 2 @1 /" % !'4 P8A
$%#!*%.4
(! . #($! !* $ ( ! (
O!# $.!* %#-'"% !#(?"'+ et al. @JLLLA4#
"# %."( /" 6."#"*S ( $3 !%6! "( %
$ (!%%#(%#2#)$!-$%#% "($#1!* #%
%##D (! "(% 2Y4!"#-( !#+et
`M
al. @788NA- +($% _ E.. @7888A +($% et al. @7888A- !%".( #.
!2!.! (."2%! %". ?(!6D!".@?A4
%". ?(!6D!".%!#%( (!%%# !2!.!
.!(0#!%%"#.-'"! $..!ƒ!.*".4.$"!"(
.#($. !2!.! ( J8 !-(%'!%#$
. #($ (! % $"! !%#*S ( "# 6%X(% (
!.*"..!ƒ@!#_+($%-7889A46(-(%$!
(!.#6/aF%! # %6!'"P8@8-8`8`J
J
eJ` !A$ !#(%#
! ?-"(/"W%."#!.! $.!(%# $##!
%'! $3 !%6!JK !4
"##2.+-('"!_E!..!(@JLL8AE.66et al.@JLLJA
!% (!.%'"'!#(%!( (! "(% 2Y
2#)$!$%0.$.#% 6(%6"% %0!$/"!.!2
((%#"(!%# "! $.%#4!"#-%%#%#-#2.+((( .
/"'#)6!/"%$ "( /" (%#!2!.! (.4
0^!..[#+_%%+@JLLNA+'(1%."S(.+%#$#! ".#
QFine Resolution Antarctic ModelT@A-/".$%('!%.(%#
!2!.! (.- ! 1."*$!. JGNv4"#+!$)#D
.%# $&!et al. @788KA-/""#!.! ( .'(%"(D!$ (%#
(!($.!%#* (#$'6! 6"% D"6!!%#$'
( !2!.! % #!# ]4 6( /"! % .
!2!.! (2!O6/aF%!$%$% (6 $%##2.+-
.D( "# $3 !(".* @P %A % $ $%#.
/" (%#4
%.!% * .! %! ( ] @!'4 PJA- (
(!%,%! .! $.#@$!#!A-$%#% !W#(!6#
$% %# 6%# &. @ ".A "2%#0#! @ %#A4 %#
"2%#0#! D (! !%#%- % % ( ( . '#)6! (
2!2.!'6!@#(%et al.- 788NA4"(6('.-.! .%*(
# ."% m0'"%%U. %#- % ( !*6"% 4
`9
Figura 31. *(! !%. .! %.(D !@(GA(`9-KvE!(". $.( .
?Z4%#%($#$% 1!.!%+ .! 8-7K(G4# # (
$!*S %#&.@&A %#"2%#0#!@A4
.! (D !!(". $#!# ]"$!1/".
.". #D ( .'#)6! #!(#! %#!(%# $"2.! 4
( 2 .! (0O!( !( 1m/s % %U. W#
$% %#1%#"2%#0#!-($! #D7(G-$!#!% $P8i
#($##. !(".*4($#!(%#-(0O!(( ! %*J
&@" $ .! ( .'#)6!H!'"JJ24KA6!
$O!( (%#8-M(G4%#%#-.D( * &#..! (!
.#-#6.#$%"(!%#%#%#($- % %#% ! (%#(
"(!% !#! ( '% .! 4^($.@JLL9A#!("-$#!
! -.! ( 8-J(G$'! %#&.4
0[!%et al.@JLMMA( !".! #D8-NK(G$)O!(1"$63!-#D
%#X(#6"% ("(*#D #!# ]4
"(6('.-.! "$6!!!(D !!(". @(0O!(
~0,5m/s$A$O!(( #!(#! 2!2.!'6!@!'4P7A4(D !
.! "$6!!!!(". $'!". %"#.- 6!%!
%#.#!#" M8vN8v%#.%'!#" M8vEP8v-6! 0,35m/s4
`L
&O($.-( .(QParallel Ocean &'(T@&&A!(".(.!
(D !(#% 8-7(G@.2et al.-788NA4#!% !/"$%#!(".*
(( .?Z$%#".# .! !( 2*Sin
situ !(".*S%#!4
Figura 32. .! "$6!!.(D !@(GA!(". $.( .?Z4%#%
$% (1!%#%! .! 46!'"(#6'(%# ("(D!
W#-$"!% !%#%! (!%'! #!# ]4# .! 6(
'6! 78$%# ' $6!.!#!".!*4
5.2 - ANÁLISE DA VARIABILIDADE DE MESO-ESCALA
& .! $! ( . ( $%# !2!.!
!".*6!.". -!%!!.(%#-!,%! %(.! .* "$63!
( !(". 4 # 6! ($ 1 ".# 2#! $#!
.#!(#!6%! @!'4PPA4#/"( .6!$ $ "!
'!S (!!,%!-$% % #!# ]-1%6."F%!
!..!%1#6.O %# '".+4
M8
Figura 33. !,%!@(
7
A %(.! .* "$63! ($!(".*(( .
?Z@!(A( .#!(#! @2!OA4
($% !%#%! !,%!- 6!'" PN $%# ($
!6%*%#".# 2#! $#! ( ./".2#! $#!
.#!(#!4!,%!(D !%!(".*%"(D!D"$!2
% .#!(#!$'! %"#. W%#%#.,%#!
".- 6!%! %#.%'!#" M8vEP8v.#!#" M8vP8v@24JPA4
!,%!(D ! ".# !(".*D7`i(!/"!,%!(D !
.#!(#!4%#%#-'% !$ !,%!.".
$".# !(".*$ .#!(#!(#/"#!,%!
(D !%D$%##! '!("(# 46#-#!%6(*#
(%%#* %'!( #(!% '!S-(!# !(
(# %6!'"PN4
MJ
Figura 34. !6%*%#!,%!@(
7
A %(.! .* "$63! ( !(".*
(( .?Z .#!(#! 4
%0.! !,%! $#"2*$"!"(3%". !#(%'!
! 1 !2!.! 4 %#%#- (! $# %0.! .! (
( .%"(D!2!(% !(D !/" 0#!@dmqA-$#"(.*
(!)2!(. .*2 4!(-6!'"PK$%#
!(D !/" 0#! ".# !(".* .#!(#!
6!'"P`($ !6%*%## !.4
( !#$&". et al. @788`A-'!S((!#!!
(.! %#!6! #D dmq"$!8-7(-#%#%".#
!(".*/"%#% .#!(#!4"W-$#! #!#D!2"(
6!O !($#%##!! (.#D #!# ]-.D( "
'!S%%6."F%!!..!%%#6.O %# '".+4
dmq @(D ! $ # '!A D e8-JJ(- %/"%#
!(".*D e8-9(4(D ! ($ !6%*%# !De8-88N(4
(0O!( ($ !6%*-%%#%#-+'e8-K(-"W-J7K(!/"
(D ! ($4#6*2*6!#%($ !,%!- (%#%
/"( .$"!(! !(.* W"#(%#%'!S
(!!,%!4
M7
Figura 35. !(D !/" 0#!@(A %(.! .* "$63! ($!(".*
(( .?Z@!(A( .#!(#! @2!OA4
Figura 36. !6%*%# !(D !/" 0#!@(A %(.! .* "$63! (
!(".*(( .?Z .#!(#! 4
MP
%.%."!/"( .$ "2(%(.! .*
"$63!%(!$# (3%!%.! -/"$ ! !#(%#1
($%%# 2#)$! .! 4 %#%#- ( . "$#!( #
#3#!%$!%!$!%U. !,%!-$% % #!# ]-
1%6."F%!!..!%'! #6.O %# '".+4
Tabela 13. D ! !$ S ($ !,%!@(
7
A %(.! .*
"$63! (%!(".*%"(D!-% .#!(#!% !6%*$!.%#
# !4#.6(1'! %"#. W%#%#.,%#!".@M8vE
P8vM8vP8vA4
Média Desvio Padrão
Modelo J8K-N JN9-L
Dado 97-7 J8N-9
Diferença 7J-N JKL-J
& 2 /"%# ( . "$#!( !,%!- .".(
!6%*%# ($2#! $#! !(".* %'!S
6!%! (^@M8vEK8vE`8vKNvA-@K`vE
PNvENLvP7vAI=@9vP8vNPvPPvA4".#
2#! #"(! %#2.JN4
Tabela 14. !,%! %(.! .* "$63! ( - !(".*
%"(D! ($ !6%*%##4!%6(*S$%# $P'!S
(!!2!.! 4'! I=# # $$%#(! !6%*%#
.#!(#!".# !(".*4
Região Variância (cm
2
)
Modelo
Drake
~r4x{qx
Confluência
ryx4~|||
Retroflexão 841.3547
Dado
Drake KP4PM`L
Confluência
ryq4{z|x
Retroflexão 506.0617
Diferença
Drake L4N`NL
Confluência
}4rqy}
Retroflexão 335.293
".# (#(/"( ."$#!(!,%! %(.!
.* "$63! (( JMi(^-7i%
MN
``i%I=4"W- !6%*(!!($#%#%#!(".*
.#!(#! ( %'! #6.O %# '".+4
#D 6!'"PP$ (!# !6%*1O#%$%# '!
(!!,%!4
!.! - '"!-"( ($!*(6"%*S($3!#'%!
@A ($ %(.! .*$ #(!%($%%#1/"!
#(!!2!.! #0! 4%#%#-#F$!(!(
$%#(("!#$" !2!.! #%# @`i-NiNiA/"%#$
!(".*@JPi-J8i-LiA4
#!%6!!F%! #D%! (O$.!!,%! .*D"(
!% !#! /"!2!.! ($#-$6%!.(%#-("(%
$$'% $.%"#.4# 6# $ ##
$%!.*S#!%0! $,(#%.! @(Y_+($%-788NA4
%0.!6 %'!S (!#!! O$. %$)O!($3#".4
"(6('.-( .6!$ $ "!##!6!* ."%
m0'"@O($.!6! %!'4PMA-($%* $!%!$!6%#,%!
( $.%#" .!$". !#(4!((%.!(#.'!-
2%( .$%#* B'""$6!!.%#0#!$%#W"%#1
"$63!-(F%!#($#".!'!(%#"$!%( $6"% 4
.#3#!#0.!' 1$%#* 0'"$6"% -/"%#(%'!
E .$#! %"#.4 *(8-K°@!'4PMA(#(
0'" 6"% - 6!%! /"!$#($#"!%6!8v-%6!% $.
2#!(#!1.#!#" E .-( !"#! %#!(%#4
(($* #.+ %#( !%,(!$%#%#"#"
#!. !(".*-%.!(#.'!( ($D.! %$3#".M4
MK
Figura 37. *(! !%.(8-KvE #($#"(D ! !(".*(( .?Z
@!(A .!(#.'!E8J@2!OA4# # %6!'"!#( 8v@.!%+
'A-7v@.!%+6!%ANv@.!%+#W A4
M`
6 - ESTIMATIVAS DO FLUXO DE TEMPERATURA PELA
ATIVIDADE DE MESO-ESCALA A PARTIR DOS
RESULTADOS DA SIMULAÇÃO
(/"!(".*%"(D!$%##!6#!(%#!".*
(D !!2!.! %'! %"#. W%#%#.,%#!".-
$ ("#!.!.$#!( 6( !#6."O #($#"#D 4
. #!(#! $ %# ($ ( ".# %#!(%#
2#! -$#! 2.%* . ( .$(D#!4#($*S
% 6% '"%* 2 $! !(".* ( . 6(
/" !2!.! ."% m0'"-%/a%#(%#-%%0.!$#!
"#3#!'!#"#"#!. ! ( .4
6.1 - DETERMINANDO A FRENTE POLAR NOS RESULTADOS
DA SIMULAÇÃO
( !# % $3#". %#!- ".# ( . $%#(
!6%*(.*1.!(#.'!E8J-"#!.! #D$%#((%#(
2$ !* #%$#..!* %#&.4!(-$!(
#(!%"( % $!*$ %#&. " $#!((
#%$# $$!% $. !2!.! (. % ".#
!(".*4
!#D!"#!.! %#!(%#@!#( J-PvA%%#"W"#!6!#!
%%! .!(!%(%#!2"!*(D !2#)$!26."O .
% 2.%* .". % $3#". N4 %#%#- # !#( % '"
%!(%#%#%(D ! W# %#$% %#1%#&.
( . $%$O!( (%#4
($"!(% ! 1!%#* #(2#!(#!-
.+ "(*$0.". %#!2"!*S 6."#"*/"%!%! (
W# %#(D !$%#0'!S('% #%$#! #4
(/"#!(% %!("$!*(#($-+((
MM
QestacionáriosT @standing eddiesA4 $"$* ( $ %#!2"!*
(% #!%0! !2!.! #($.@transient eddiesAD # (
#2.+(.2et al. @788NA^#%_+..@7887A4
6(!.(%#!%6."F%! !2!.! (.-$#(
$"#!.!"(!.!%+ ' !%# .*$ 6!%!$!* %#&.4
#.+ W"#!6! %'% 2#$!! 6."O (D ! %.
@!%#".et al.-788JV.2et al.-788NV %#"#A4
&#%#-$#! "(*(`7-KvEH.'$)$$
]-% 6%##2( 6!%! H #(!%(-$#! .!
2#)$!%..*(D !-$!* %#&.4#6! 6!%! (
$!(!".$% % "((0O!( ' !%# .*-/".#
! "($!%.! 2#)$!%.@!'4P9A4$!2 %#
$% 1%#"2%#0#!4
((($#(%#$X 2 ("#*S.%'
% "#.4 .+ # * ( `7-KvE 2! % 2*
".# ( .-O!2!% 6%#2( 6!%! -%#2.+ %%et al.
@788MA4#"#(#(&D 6!%! $ (U.#!$.6!.(%#%#
]-%'!% $"(6%#U%!$)$'(4
M9
Figura 38. *(! !%.(`7-KvE (D ! ($%%#2#)$! .! %.
@/" A-.* "$63! (@%#A' !%# .* "$63! (@ !!#A4
$%#( %#F" 6!%($!* %#&.4
$#! " .*-2(/"$!* %#&.%#
*$% "(.* 123,2cm "$63! (4$% #
. .*%($ .*(D !($% (!%#%!
(D ! .! 2#)$!% (3%!!(". @!'4PLA-2(/"
#($%+$O!( (%#'!S(%#(!!%#%4#-
($ .*(D !6!6!.# $!.(%#("(6!.#Q$2!OT-(
%U( % #/"!.%#"(.$!. $O!( (%#Jv4
"(6('.-$!* %#&. #(!% #6(
$O!( /".2#! $#! !#((D !%#($%#!. J-Pv-
2#! ".# !(".* H (D# "#!.! $ 2.%* $#!
ML
.!(#.'!%$3#".NH2(( $!*.!(#.)'!.". $!et
al. @JLLLA@!'4PLA4
#!.!((2 6!%!*S$%#&.%".# !(".*-
6( $!2!.!# "( .!* (.+ !#D! ($* (
".# 2.%* /"*@`A(( .$(D#!4
&6!.!# !6%!*-%6!($#! #$%#1%#&.
2 %!#( J-Pv%".# !(".*%"(D!(FP-tm-1
%#&. 6!%! $.!.!%+ ' !%# .*(FP-hm4
98
Figura 39. $ !%#%! ($%%#2#)$! .! (D !%!(".*(
( .?Z@(GA4.!%+$%#($!* %#&..!(#.)'!'"% !et
al. @JLLLA@⧫A.". $#! !#((D !!%#' %#!. J-Pv@⧫AFP-tm
!.!%+ .* J7P-7(@⧫AFP-hm4
9J
6.2 - CALCULO DOS FLUXOS DE TEMPERATURA ATRAVÉS DA
FRENTE POLAR
".# !(".*6(!%#$. .!%(%#$ %
(2%#&.@FP-tm FP-hmA@!'4PLA-$ $! .".(
#%$# #($#"4
$)!%#$.*-.! 6($W# ("(($%%#
.%'"##D %#&.@&A4!(-($%%#QvT .!
$$%# !*..(%# $$% !".1&46(-.
%'#! #%$#!% !($'( $$! $(
".-!% $% %#(%# !%#* %#4
"2 !! !(0.". 6."O #($#"(N%3!-$% %
1"$63!!$!%!$%##! B'"%#0#! "% @A-B'"
!"($.&6"% %6!@&A-B'"!"($.&6"% "$!@&A
B'" "$63!@A4(% ,%!(#!(#!6!#2( .
'#)6!-.!(!#"$! ( 6! #(!% #D !$!%!σ
2
37.11 @A- 37 @&A 36.7 @&A-'"% !#(! et al. @JLLLA
<"#]!%!.@JLLPA4B'" "$63!@A$% 1( %#
"$63!.!&4!(".*(( .?Z-$% 1
( J78-&1( 7J7K-&1( 7`791
( 7LP7 ".# ( .@24NA4
6."O #($#"(D !.%' P% !(".*(
( -%! % (2!#D!$..!* %#&.-#!."#
%6!'"N8NJ'"!42/"-$ !* !%#%! -
!* 6."OD!'".%#( 4!% !/"$#"2*.%*-(
(D !-# ."% m0'"4.#3#!D$ %.! $"$#
+!$)# /"!.32! !%,(! #D #%S 6( % 6"%
$ $.$#"2*S (.@.2 et al.-788NA4
c%#0.%6!'"N8NJ/"6."O #($#" ! !(".*
%"(D!$%#"($ !#!2"!*$!. !6%# /".2#!
( .$(D#!"#!.! %$3#".N-/"(#(.(%#"('!
97
(!#%$#$)O!(1&'( ]@eK8vEA"# 78v
@!'4N7A4
.(%#-$FP-hm-+0"((!6."O%'!(#% 78v
@!'4 N8A4 %#%#- # % $"! "( !* $ ". 2( 6!%! (
2 %".# ( .$(D#!@!'4N7A4
Figura 40. ."O #($#"!%#' #!.(%#$( @EG(A-.". ".#
!(".*(( .?Z4$%#(%#!2"!*$( ."% m0'"-
% @⧫A-@⧫A&-@⧫A&@⧫A4!O % $% 1 !#,%!.%'
%#&.@FP-hmA.!%+#!!!% !((! !% J8v .%'!#" 4
Figura 41. ."O #($#"!%#' #!.(%#$( @EG(A-.". ".#
!(".*(( .?Z4$%#(%#!2"!*$( ."% m0'"-
% @⧫A-@⧫A&-@⧫A&@⧫A4!O % $% 1 !#,%!.%'
%#&.@FP-tmA.!%+#!!!% !((! !% J8v .%'!#" 4
6#-%/"%#( .$(D#!%(#("(6."O".#%#
$"..%' $#!(%## %#&.-".# !(".*
$%#("( !#!2"!*(!($.O-% D !63!.!% !.(%#'!S
9P
% %#!2"!* $. %# 0'" !"($. % (
%#!%%#%#0#!D(!4
Figura 42. ."O #($#"@EG(A!%#' %#!.-%'! W%#%#.,%#!
".-2#! $.( .$(D#!2 % .#!(#!@⧫A#$7%
.!(#.'!E8J@⧫A#$P4
6."O #($#"2#! $%#&. FP-hm @!'4N8AD(%
"! /"/".2#! $FP-tm @!'4NJA4$ %#% ! ("(
!% !* FP-hm "( (.+ 6!%!* $ %# &. -
%/a%#(%#-$.!(!#%#(".46#-%.!(
#%$###!!%#' %#2.JN-2(/"( "$!
$FP-tm $%#("(%#!2"!*.#!(!/"$FP-hm4
!!% -( 6%#1&$%#"(6."O #($#"$%#
%FP-tm-%#!% $ $6(* D.". %@$et al.,
7888A4
Tabela 14. ."O .!%#' @EA2#! $#! ".# !(".*(( .
?Z4#$%# 6."O$( $ !#D! ..!* %#&.4
Camadas Frente Polar FP-hm Frente Polar FP-tm
AS P4L9MMOJ8
JP
P94J7KOJ8
JP
ACPS 949MKKOJ8
JP
JJ4`MMOJ8
JP
ACPI M48LJLOJ8
JP
7479NMOJ8
JP
AFA J4M779OJ8
JP
8479`KOJ8
JP
%.!% 6."O#D FP-hm- 6# 6."O #($#"%
( "$!$%#-%/"%#(!$# 6."O$". %
9N
( &&@#24JNA-%6!(%6!'"* "(D.". %
%".# !(".*4 6."O #($#"%'#!
#($#"2!O %%# %#( 4
".# 2#! $ 6%# $. FP-hm @24 JKA $O!((
/".2#! $#! ( .$(D#!-%6!(% !(%+!$)#
!%!!. %# &. 2( $%# $ "( !.!%+ ' !%#
.*4
FP-tm-6."O #($#"!%#' 6!$%#-/"!% !
"(%#!2"!* 6."O(D !" (% #!%0!4
Tabela 15. ($*%#6."O #($#"!%#' @EA%'! %"#.
W%#%#.,%#!".-2#! $#! !6%#(# .'!$.! %$%#
#2.+4.%'#!!% !(6."O$".4
Método Fluxo de calor integrado no Atlântico (W)
Modelo paramétrico - altimetria
- 23 x 10
13
Modelo paramétrico - climatologia
- 18 x 10
13
HYCOM 1/12°
FP-hm
- 14 x 10
13
FP-tm
47 x 10
13
".# $%# (#(- !(- "( '% %!2!.! (
.* 1 6!%!* %# &. # 4 6!%!* FP-hm (#" (!
%#-#%#$$%#(.+!O 2#)$!(D !/"%#$
$%##!(#! 6."O(! !%. .(!$)O!( 2#! #D
(!(D# ($' 4!(-$#! #$%# #( FP-hm
(..!* %#&.$%0.! ".# !(".*4
2% !'(?(.. 6."O #($#"!%#' %#!.
#D %# &. FP-hm- $%# % 6!'" NP- ( $%# "(
($#(%#($.O-$%#% (((%#("(!%.$$'%
$.#("#("(!%.#!%0!4
$#! "(#!(#!!".-$ (2/"#.!%.$"!"(
$3 "(($!(%# % -$O!( (%#-M8 !M88](%'!
$)O!(1&'( ]@O#(/" % !'(A40%O#(.#
%#&.%#.,%#!@e78vA!%.$%#"($3 "(($!(%#
9K
% -$O!( (%#-L8 !NK8](4("#'!S-2"(6."O
(!%%#$!#!"%'#!4
.$#+#'F%!% !/" !6%#$#'!% 2
6."O #($#"#D %#&.4"(6('.-%%#%#-+0"(
#3#! 3.! % #%$#- /" $ ! ( $!(! %0.! 1
$$'* % .%' " 1 (! '". #"#" /" $$!!( #.
#%$#@(% )#!A4
&($% ($ (.#"%#%%#&.
#%- %#- %0! #! $#"2*S $%0! $. 6."O
#($#"2(("#"#"#!!4
Figura 43. !'(?(.. 6."O #($#"$.!2!.! #D %#&.@FP-
hmA!%#' %#!.@EG(A-2#! $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
.!%+$##W !% !(.*%#($!(%##($ $#"2*S%'!S
# $.3".( -% "#!.! $#!(.! $$'*
((4!O 2!$% 1.#!#" M8vE78v-#% O$(](.%'
%#&.4
9`
7 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL DA VARIABILIDADE
%+!(%# #"#" #!. #!! (. $(!#
."#"* 26."O . ( !6%#( %
"#.46(-$ (! %#!6!"$$.2D.". %
!".*(! !%.##+!$)# !%#* !2!.! (6"% -
#!%# 2.%* !%,(! #D #%S 6(2
2#!(#!4
. %+!(%# 2 #"#" #!. % 0 "23 ! $
#!* #!! (.$!2!.!#00.". %#!2"!*S
!6%#$($%%# #26."O##. .%%
"#.4
(+0$" .# in situ /"$!2!.!#($%#%0.!-
!("#!.!( .'#)6!%#"3 %$3#".P- "(6"% !
.! "%# $'( E ".# !(".* %"(D! $
( #!!.%' $* W%#%#.,%#!".
%"#.4
7.1 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL DO CAMPO MÉDIO – MODELO
GEOSTRÓFICO
%! D!$%# (^"% "et al.@JLMKA-"#!.!(.!(#.'!
E8J $ #!( 6/aF%! "%# !. @N
2
A % % "#. -
W"%#(%#(".# ( .'#)6!-( %(! $$'*4
$#! $6! N
2
-.".(6(#!. ( 2.3%!#D
(D# !%,(! !#$^"% "et al. @JLMKA-"#!.!% #!% %.! $
+%^.!%]@^.!%]-7889A.! .". $.( .'#)6!4
6(-#!(( %#!2"!* ( 2#)$! #F$!(! (
2.3%!2!".*4
0.". #"#" #!. ( $$'* %#!#"!-
2!(%#-%."* @77A$QnT( 4
9M
d
7
P
n
dz
2
N
7
c
n
7
P
n
=8
@77A
#!.!% % !*S %#%- 2 % +!$)# "( Q#($
3'! T%"$63!5
∂ P
n
∂ z
=t;z=H
dP
n
dz
N
7
g
=t;z= 8
% P
n
$% 1#"#"#!.-c
n
1.! 6- "(
QnT( 46(-!%#'.%#!. "( ( 0%".
#"#" .! 6!%! $@7PA4
U
z
=Σ
N=0
n
a
n
P
n
z
@7PA
($.!#" ( @a
n
A$ -$#%#- #(!% #D 5
a
n
=
∫
− H
8
[
U
z
−U
bt
]
P
n
z
dz
H
@7NA
% U(z).! ##.U
bt
.! 2#)$!-.". #D
( .'#)6!-H$6"% ! ..4
%'!!%D#!$% %#( 2#)$!@E
0
A6!#!( (
/" .! 2#)$!(".#!$.! $.$6"% ! ..@HA@7KA4
%'!!%D#! "( ( 2.3%!6! #(!% $./"*@7`A4
E
t
=U
bt
2
H
@7KA
99
E
n
=
∫
−H
8
[
a
n
P
n
z
]
7
dz
@7`A
#!(( %#!2"!* ( 2#)$! P $!(! (
2.3%!$!".*%%"#.4$.!% #(D# #
$%# ' ( .'#)6!-$" (($%#!2"!*.#!
( @!'4NNA4
Figura 44. %#!2"!*S ( 2#)$!@#$A Jv@(!A7v@2A( 2.3%!%
%'!!%D#!##. !".* %"#.- ! ( .'#)6!4.!%+$#
$% 1$!*.!(#.)'! %#&.4
"(6('.-/"6!'"NN%(#D/"%#&.(-
$O!( (%#-.!(!#%#"('! (!%,%! ( 2#)$!@
".A "#% J°( 2.3%!D!($#%#@%#A4%.!% #
%"#.-F/"($%%#2#)$!D (!%%#-("($/"%
$#!!$* $!(! ( 2.3%!4 (! ( 2.3%!
9L
$#!(%#!%O!#%#
K
%'! !%#-((#6!'"NP$7v
( 2.3%!4
%.!% ( $$'* $% .%' %# &.
.!(#.)'! @!'4 NKA- 6!%! '"% ! et al. @JLLLA- 2( .
(!%,%! ( 2#)$!4#$% 1(! 98i %'!!%D#!
.%' $#!(%## %#&.-("(U%!O*!($#%#(
`8v@&.#" ^'".%A% %#!2"!* J°( 2.3%!$#!(%#
!'"./". ( 2#)$!4
Figura 45. %#!2"!*@iA ( 2#)$!@⧫A Jv( 2.3%!@⧫A%%'!!%D#!
##. !".*.%' %#&.- 6!%! $!et al.@JLLLA4
7.2 - MODOS VERTICAIS OBSERVADOS A PARTIR DE UM FUNDEIO NA
FRENTE POLAR
#"#"#!. ! .!(#.'!$ %#"(D!
!($!S-! 16.# %+!(%#$!# $%##!!
.!(#.'! ! 1 ($4!(-"#!.!(#(2D(
"(6"% ! %#X(#-.! "%#$'(E-$"(%#
%6!%*2".# 2#! %#!(%#4
6"% !7&6!.!% $U%!..! $)O!(1%#
&.%'! W%#%#.,%#!".-((! P$6"% !
.# "* "6!!%# $ .- $. (%- ! $!(! (
K
(.". %#!2"!*S#DK°( 2.3%!4%#%#-#!".# %
O!2! $$%#((% Ji !,%! ."% m0'"4
L8
2.3%! @24 J`A4 #!.!( !# ($%+ # $%# 6"% ! $
$%#(!$3 %#3%"@ M(A-"6!!%#$/"
( !2!.! !%# $%##2.+@(.A#W(2(
$%# 4
Tabela 16. #3#! 6"% !.! "%#$'(E-"#!.! %$%#
#2.+$W" #"#"#!. !".*%%"#.4
NOME LOCALIZAÇÃO PROFUNDIDADES DURAÇÃO
7&9 K8-7v
K-Lv
P8J(VMLL(VJKLN(V
PJ88(VP9JK(4
P8GJ7GJLLN7LG87GJLL`
&#!!%6."F%! $* !2!.! (.#6/aF%!-/"
%6($# 2W#! ##" -"#!.!("(6!.# !'!#.$2!O
#!$"##[#+-(6/aF%! # 848NJM+
J
-$% % "(
$3 J !4 6!.# 6! $.! 1 ($%%# %. (! !%.
.! 4 # 6(- #( ##% /"! (%# !2!.! (
6/aF%!"2!%!.4
( .! ( ! % 6"% ! % $%#( "( !*
.(%#$ (!%%#.%' # $3 -$/"./" $6"% !
.#-%0.!$ ($%%#.##@uA%#".@vA%D$
O$.! #"#" #!. 6( ($.#4 !(- $#( $ .! "(
($!* ( ( #!! "#!.!% "( %0.! 6"%*S ($3!
#'%!@A($.O4#(D# 6! !#!%!!.(%#($.!*S$
%$^"% "_..%@JLM`A-% $#!(%#$.! ( !.!
@O45<.6 02!$".#%_.'+!2!-JLLMV%&'( ]$^.!%]-
JL9KA4#D%! 2! % 6!%!* "( # ($.O @ψA 6( $.
($%%#%.(! !%. .! @u,vA@7MA4
Ψ
z,t
=u
z,t
+iv
z,t
@7MA
('"! -$.! ($!*(2#ψ-"#!.!% ((
6(".*$.! $'% .@^"% "_..%-JLM`A4
LJ
( !"!%#%#2(D# ($.O-W"%#"(
($*("#(D# %0.!-D6%! $^!+#" et al. @JLL9A4
%#(%#- [ _!(@7889A ("#!.!* #(D# $
$%#!2"!*S2#)$!2.3%!(0'"-$#!
!%#D#! ($4
$#! !#!2"!* $!. ( .! $. %0.!
($.O-(# %6!'"N`-2(%%#* !,%!% !*I
@.##A4 ! 6(# "- #F $!(! $ (
! ( 2#)$!Jv7v( 2.3%!-$#!(%#4
Figura 46. ($!. ($.O2#! $#! %0.! .!
6"% !7&-.! "%#$'(E4@⧫A$% 1Jv-@⧫A17v@⧫A1
Pv4.!%+@⧫A$% 1#!.%$%# 6"% !4
%0.! %#!2"!*S $!,%!##. .!
( ! "$#!( $!! !2!.! $W# %!OIH
.##@!'4NMAH!% ! (!%,%! ( 2#)$!@JvA-(
$%*.%# Jv7v( 2.3%!@7vPv-$#!(%#A4
L7
(! ( 2.3%! % (# $ $%#( "( $# ("!#
$/"% !,%!##. .! @$O!( (%#7iA4
!6%# #!(#!2#! #D .!(#.'!$#.%'!#" -
6"% !!% !(/"+0"(%#!2"!*!($#%##!2"3 Jv(
2.3%!4
Figura 47. ($!. P$!(!($.O$W# %!OI@.##A2#!
$#! .! 6"% !7&-.! "%#$'(E4.'%
# #.+ %#!2"!*S "( ( $!,%!##. .! 4
%.!% $# D! #($! ($.!#" (
! %0.!@!'4N9A-2(/" !$!(!( -/"
O$.!(W"%#LJi !,%! 2*S-$%#($! %'!2(
.! !%! %# % 6/aF%! %'". 8-8NKLP G ! @~137 diasA-
8-8L`N` G !@~65 diasA8-J`89 G !@~39 diasA@#(.+%!'4N`A4
#!% !/"# !( #.!% % (($4
LP
Figura 48. $# %'! ($.!#" P( ($.O$W# %!OI-
.! $.! 6"% !7&4.!%+#W "..$%#(
%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4#(.+@→A!% !(6/aF%!
!%! %#%# "$!(!4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !
@ G !A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+M4
7.3 - ESTRUTURA VERTICAL NA FRENTE POLAR SEGUNDO A
SIMULAÇÃO NUMÉRICA
( .'( ($"#!%. % $(!# %.! ( #!!
$$'* $#"2*S.%' # %#&.%$* %
"#. W%#%#.,%#!".46(-($.(%#(!
(D !-6%! $.( .'#)6!-!$%#".-$%!%# %0.!
6"% !4.D( !-%".# !(".*%0.!$ 6!#26."O
#($#"! 1$#"2*@.*%#$#"2*S .!
#($#"A-#!( !#(%#4
& #%#- $.!( #D%! ($!* ( 6"%*S ($3!
#'%!@A6."O #($#".". #D %#&.@FP-hmA
$#! ".# ( .-(.+%#.! %6"% !42W#!(-
!(-6%"(! !#!2"!*$!. ( !2!.! "
$#!.#($!-2$%# !# "!%6."F%!26."O
#($#"4 ".# $%# $"(- $#%#- !%! !2!.!
! ($ .! 1#($#".%' %#&.4
LN
(6."O #($#"#!( $#! !(".*$"("()
!*- $$% !". 1 %# &.- "#!.!( "( #D%! %%!%.
($!*(!%D (D# ($.O"#!.! %6"% !4
".# 2#! $#! %0.! !% !(/"!2!.!
6."O #($#"#D %#&.%( .#02( !#!2"3 %#7M
( 4"W-%+0"(( (!%%#/"$2#! #D %0.!4
%#%#-# 2#! $%#("(#"#"#!.(.+%#4
6(-$%#(%6!'"NL$%P$!(!( -/"$% (
$#!(%#18%-5%4,5% !2!.! 4
Figura 49. !#!2"!*$!. P$!(!( !2!.! 6."O #($#"#D
%#&.@FP-hmA.". $#! %0.! ".# !(".*(( .
?Z4#,%'".$#(#('!S (!!%#%! !%! %#%#P4
"( 6( '.- 2 $#! 6!'" NL /" (
!2!.! $%#("( !#!2"!*#!.(%#! "%!6(-/"!% !
"(6#%#!2"!* ( 2#)$!4.D( !-# ( $%#(
"( (! !%#%! 1 (! 0'"- $O!( (%# %# 988 7N88(- /"
$% "((!%#!2"!* 0'"$6"% $6."O #($#"4
LK
#2*# ($ %D.". % !".*
(! !%.4!(-$ ( !/"!(".*. $ !".*
(! !%.2$%# !# "#"#"#!.4.D( !-(#(
"( .3%! !%#%! ( ( !*6"% 4
%.!% $# ($.!#" #F $!(! @!'4 K8A-
2( /"- !6%# /" % 6"% ! %.! %#!(%#-
6/aF%!(!%'D#! !6(%#( .! 4!(-.!%(
"6/aF%!(!%'D#! ( @#(.+%!'4K8A$
#.+(%#%#2.JM4
Figura 50. $# %'! ($.!#" P( -.! $6."O
#($#"#D %#&.%!(".*(( .?Z4.!%+#W "..
$%#(%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4#(.+@→A!% !(
"6/aF%!(!%'D#!$ 4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$
!@ G !A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+`4
Tabela 17. /aF%!%'".(!%'D#! P$!(!2#! $#! 6."O
.#D %#&..". $#! ".# !(".*4#6/aF%!
$% (1#(.+ # %$#$%# %6!'"NL4
MODO FREQUÊNCIA (rad/dia) PERÍODO (dias)
J
8-8PMK J`M
8-JPK` N`
7
8-8NP7M
JNK
8-J8J `7
P
8-8``PK LN
8-8LK7 `K
L`
($% ".# $%# %#2.JM(%0.!
6"% !- 2( /" . #($! !2!.! $)O!(-
$!%!$.(%#%#$!"% 0! %'! 6"% ! 7vPv(
2#! !(".*4
6# % 2( (!%,%! "(- " $"- ( %
".# !(".*$ %! "(!% !* /"$#"2*S%
%#&. % $"( "( $ #!%0!-( $$'( $. %
"#.@ 6((.+%#2 $%(.! .* "$63!
%$3#".KA4.2*# (+!$)# !2!.!
($# $ $#"2*S /" # .%' G" %
$$'% (!%#*(6."O(D !4.D( !-( .! %
6%("(!% !* #"#"#!..%.! (#!$4
#!* $#"2*S%%#&.D !"#! %$3#".L4
"#$!2!.! $O$.!".# %0.! D!*
$!. .%.! %6%X(%$%0!$.6."O #($#"
.%' %#&.46#-$ (2#F0$!%!$!((!
!,%!%6!'"NL @#,%'".$#A-/" $% ($O!( (%#1
6!O .%'!#" KPvN`vE@/" A-NJv79vE@%#AJP-Kv7Kv@ !!#A4
#'!S$% (-$O!( (%#-1 6.O$%# %#&.
$)$'($]-10$)O!(%6."F%!!..!%".
#6.O %# '".+4
!.! ($!*($ "( '!S # 4
".# 2#! #"(! %#2.J94& 6(.!%
"6/aF%!(!%'D#!4($!(%# % 6(%##!(
$#! $#%$* 4
!#!2"!*S $!! $# #($! $!! $ #F
$!(! "( '!S#"%! %IJ42/"
+0"(F%!6/a%# $3 (#% `8 !- (%#% #"(
$3 #3#! $#"2*S!(". %%#&.4
LM
Tabela 17. ".# ($!*S(.! $P'!S((!!,%!%
6."O #($#"$.$#"2*S-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .
?Z4%#6/aF%!/"%#($!(%# % # % (!$(%
%'!-$ 4
REGIÃO EOF
VARIÂNCIA
EXPLICADA
(%)
FREQUÊNCIA
ANGULAR
(rad/dia)
PERÍODO
(dias)
COMPRIMENTO
DE ONDA (km)
KPvN`vE
Jv 7K
8-J8PL
t-t}|tq
`8
x{
N8K
7v JK
8-8`L7N
t-tyrzq
LJ
~x
N8K
Pv J7
8-J8PL
8-8MK8J
`8
9N
f
NJv79vE
Jv JM
8-8KJLP
t-q~q~
J7J
zy
P7J
|z~
7v JJ
8-8N8PL
t-qzr}
JKK
{}
N87
Pv J8
8-8N8PL
8-J8PL
JKK
`8
N87
JP-Kv7Kv
Jv 79
8-8PN`7
t-qty~
J9J
|}
7`9
7v JP
8-8N`J`
t-qtzy
JP`
~t
N87
q}y
Pv L
8-8`L7N
8-J9N`
LJ
PN
7P8
KP`
f$#$!. Pv '!(!#%$%#""($! %U( % .4%OJ4
'".(%#2 %2#! %! % %#&.(
"( # - #F $!(! $ # '!S (#( "( $
!#!2"!* ( !2!.! #!%'!% # ."% m0'"-("((!
!%#%! % 0'" $6"% - $O!( (%# %# J888 7K88(
$6"% ! - !% ( !*6"% @%OJA4#$ .!%
"(2$!* ( 2#)$! $!(!( 2.3%!-% %
(".# 2#! $#! .!(#.'! 6"% !4.D( !-.
#($! $!! O!2! % #2. JM % (- $O!( (%#- (
#!(#!2#! $#! !'(?(.. .#!(#!O$#%
6!'"NP4#D"(6#!% !#! /"!(".*$ "#!6#!(%#
!2!.! %'! %#&.-/"#"#"#!. ! #$
"#!.! $(.+(#!(#!#"! 6."O #($#"#D
%#&.4
L9
8 - ESTIMATIVA DO FLUXO DE TEMPERATURA A
PARTIR DE DADOS SUPERFICIAIS E DA ESTRUTURA
DERIVADA DA SIMULAÇÃO
#!(#! 6."O .G#($#"2#! #D/"! !( "(
2.%*!"($.- !( .$(D#! "(!(".*%"(D!4
U%! ##!(#!2 ("(D!#($. ($D( .
$(D#! /" "#!.! !%6(*S .* "$63! ( 2#! $
#D.!#4!!%6(*S##!#1"$63!-%.% !#!2"!*
#!. $#"2*S "$#! 6."O % ."% m0'"4& (- %
%#%#-"#!.!!%6(*S ! #"#"#!.%.! %$3#".
%#!-W"%#(%#1.#!(#!$#D.!#-$2#("(#!(#! 6."O
.#D %#&./"#%+!(".#%(%#.!'* !#(
!$! . !#!2"!*#!.4
($!(!$O!(*#(%! #!! (.
(% #!#(%#2#)$!-$($%%#/"(!%#!2"!(
!,%! ."% m0'"4!(-%(.! .! #%!1%#
&.@u'A.". $#! %(.! .* "$63! (-2#! $
#D.!#-0!'"..%' # ."% m0'"46((.+%#-$ (
.".%(.! #($#" "$63! (@T'A$#! !('%
#D.!#$$'.#!.(%#%."% m0'"46."O .$.$#"2*S
@FCA(E@QWattsTA D%#.". #D 5
FC=
∫
[
∫
−H
8
ρ
8
c
P
u'T' dz
]
ds
@79A
% Qρ
0
QD %! (D ! ."% m0'"-Qc
P
Q.$36!(D !-QHTD
$6"% ! ..QsT-%#-61 !*.%' %#&.4&
#0."."#!.!(%#&. 6!%! $! et al. @JLLLA-"(/"
#(#2.+% ( 2#! $#D.!#/"/"!%$% (
%#.". $#! .!(#.'! E8J ".# !(".*
%"(D!4
LL
%(.! .* "$63! ( "#!.!
$% ($ "# (. !#D.!#-6%! $.
#.+ %$3#".74&#($#" "$63! (@A"#!.!(
2#! #D QGODAE High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot
ProjectT@<?&&A4#D"($W# .2*!%#%!%.-!%
6%!(%# #!% #" .!(0#!4#!.!($ "#
%3.N@NA-2#! #D 6" .# in !#"- ".#
%? (!% -%#%% !($2.(.!% 1
2#" %"%%!('%4# 6%! !!(%#("('
'".(„v ."*$!.2#"'.2.4! #.+2#
6%# $ (2#! (@+##$5GG[[[4'+#$$4'A4
6!'"KJ(#".# 6."O #($#"!%#' %#!.-
%! % $O!(* "(."% m0'"##.(%#2#)$!46(
(.+%# 2 $ '! W%# % #.,%#! ". %
".# !(".*-6."O #($#"$%#"! ($%*
"('! # (6."O$6%!.("( !*4
Figura 51. 6."O #($#"#D %#&.@EG(A%! % "(."% m0'"
2#)$!-.". $#! %(.! .* <?&&4
!O 2!# 6!%! ( !#,%!.%' %#&.$$#$!et al. @JLLLA4
.!%+#W $#!% !(!%#. J8v .%'!#" -(.#!#" M8vEP8v
# ((.+$ 6!%!(.!(!# '! W%#%#.,%#!".4
%#'% 6."O #($#"#D %#&..%' "
O#%-2#(.##.$6."O . -225,5 x 10
13
W4#.D
N-K(!/"#!(#!2#! $#! 2.%* .#D
J88
%#&. ( .$(D#!"#!.! %$3#".N@50±5 x 10
13
WA-
.!# %2!2.!'6!@24J8JJA46#-2#!(".# %
(( ( '% @~ -200x 10
13
WA"#!.!((($!* %#
&. # $2.%*( .$(D#! $3#".N4
6(-%."3(/"$#"2*S.%' %#&.%
$ ($O!( ($"(%#2#)$!46#-(2 %
%0.! #"#"#!. 6"% !7& ".# !(".*-
$!(!( 2.3%! %! 4
( 6( !%."! !* #!. %(.! .!
#($#"D"#!.!% #"#"#!. ( .-O#$.% ".#
2#! $'! W%#%#.,%#!".1# %#&.4#
(D# $"$S /" #"#" #!. $#"2*S D- $O!( (%#-
((.%' # O#% %#&.4
!(- .".( ! $ S #($#" .!
#%.16%#$ $%# ' ( .!%#$. $$!*
%#&.42#!(-%#-(D !.%' O#% %#&.$
$6"% ! @!'4K7A-/"$%#(#"#"#!.(D ! $#"2*S4
!#"#"6(%#W"# $%#.%' %#&.% #(
%(.! .*-2#% !(($ u' T' (
!*#!.-$$.!((@79A4
6((.+%#16!'"KJ-6!'"KP(# !#!2"!*''06!
6."O #($#"- %! % #"#" #!. (D ! 2#! $#!
!(".*%"(D!46( " !#!2"!*$!.DO#(%#/".
2#! %$O!(* "(."% m0'"2#)$!4%##%#-.2#!
%# J8(%/".". %#!(%#- !
D!( 6."O("(%# $6"% ! 4
J8J
Figura 52. !$ S.%' %#&.5 #($#"@⧫A-1/" - ($%%#
.! $$% !".16%#@⧫A-1 !!#4$%#@⧫A!% !($.+(%# !
.%' # %#&.-%/"%#.!%+).! !% !((D !4 !$ S6(
2#! $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
Figura 53. 6."O #($#"#D %#&.@EG(A-%! % "(#"#"#!.
(D !2#! !(".*%"(D!-.". $#! %(.! .*
<?&&4!O 2!# 6!%! ( !#,%!.%' %#&.$$#
$!et al. @JLLLA4.!%+#W $#!% !(!%#. J8v .%'!#" -(
.#!#" M8vEP8v # ((.+$ 6!%!(.!(!# '! W%#%
#.,%#!".4
6."O .2#! $O!(* "(#"#"(D ! ( .D
-20,8 x 10
13
W4#.$"!(( ( '% #!(#!2#!
J87
#D (!(D# ($' %$%##2.+@24J8A-$
(# 4%#%#-$%#(D# %! 6#!(%#6!#
!2!.! "#"#".%' ."% m0'"-%6%% "(#!(#!
!# 6."O .#D %#&.4
%.!% $.+(%# ! $ S #($#"
.! $$% !".1%#&.- "!(/" * "(#"#"
#!.(D !$# 6%#%6!%(/"% 0.". 6."O
.46#-( !"#! %$3#".%#!-$#"2*S.%'
%#&.$%#(#3#! !- ('% !2!.! $!.4
.D( !-(".# !(".*%"(D!2%'((%#'!
W%#%#.,%#!".-%D$3..!.! O#$.*
#".# $# !"!#!"($.46(-D%0! #
"($O!(*$#"#"#!./"(%#%+$#!".!
'!4
&#%#- "#!.!(- (%# $ $* %# &. W%#
%#.,%#!".-"( $#* #D%!2 %.*S%#
2#! ("$63!#"#" ."% m0'"4##D%!6!$.! $
_..@JLLN-JLLMA$!(!.* (( .%"(D!4$#! #
(D# -6(#2.! 6!!%#@7LA6#@P8A .*%#
!%6(*S "$63! "2"$63!-$#! ".# !(".*4
/"*S@7LA@P8A$!(!3% !!%6!!% !$$! ("2"$63!
/"!#!('"% 3% !!%6!!0.( ! %"$63!4&#
0.".6!"#!.! $!* %#&.FP-hm4
C
TT
=
δTδT
s
[
δT
7
δT
s
7
]
J/7
C
Tη
=
δTδη
[
δT
7
δη
r
]
q/r
C
UU
=
δUδU
s
[
δU
7
δU
s
r
]
q/7
@7LA
F
TT
=
δTδT
s
δT
s
7
F
Tη
=
δTδη
δη
7
F
UU
=
δUδU
s
δU
s
r
@P8A
J8P
/"*S!(-TD($#! !(%!%. #($#"-ηD.*
"$63!-UD.! #%.1%#&.-δ %#%(.!-3% !
"$!s!% !!0!( ! %"$63!2!% !((D !#($!4
($ 6!!%# .*2#! @!'4KNA(#(/"#%#
%(.! /"%# %(.! .* $"( 2 .* (
#"#"#D(! ."% m0'"-$#!".(%# ($6"% ! %# K88
7K88(-% $"((!%#!2"!*$6."O #($#"4(2
.*#(2D(D2 %#%(.! .! %"$63!
.%' ."% m0'"- $%#% "( !#!2"!* #!. +('F% H
#3#! "(6#%#!2"!*2#)$!4
Figura 54. 6!!%# .*%#$$! !(". %"$63!%."% m0'"4
!($2!O-.*%#%(.! #"#"#!. %(.! #($#"-
%#%(.! .* "$63!#"#"#!. %(.! #($#"V%#
%(.! .! ("$63!#"#"#!. %(.! .! #%.1%#
&.4(#! .*6(2#! $#! ".# !(".*%"(D!(
( .?Z4
*S 6!!%#6# .*6(!%#$. 6(
/"(1 %#&. 6!%! $! et al. @JLLLA-/""#!.!((
J8N
6F%!$ $.#6(2!#!4#!%#$.*2!%+!$)#
/" !(".*%"(D! D $ . #"#"#!. .
$!.#($. !2!.! 46(-(#! 6!!%#6#
.*$ (#%$# $%6%!.- /"$
".#3#!4
%#-$#! #"#".". ".# !(".*(@7LA@P8A-
"*S %(.! #($#"-"($#! "# .#!(#!-
"( %(.! .! $ ("$ @3% !"$!Qobs”(PJA-
$ #($(/"$"3( #D.!#@3% !"$!Qalt”(PJA4
δT
TT
obs
=F
TT
δT
alt
δT
Tη
obs
=F
Tη
δη
δU
UU
obs
=F
UU
δU
alt
@PJA
($#!( 6!%. %(.! #($#"@P7AD.". "#!.!%
#"#"2#! @PJAW"%#"$#!$@PPA-$$!%!
6!!%# .*4
δT
est
=P
TT
δT
TT
obs
+P
Tη
δT
Tη
obs
@P7A
P
TT
=
C
TT
C
TT
+C
Tη
P
Tη
=
C
Tη
C
TT
+C
Tη
@PPA
#D $.!* # (D# +'( "( . ##. 6."O
#($#" ~-11 x 10
13
W % '! % "#. W%# %
#.,%#! ".4 # . #0 $)O!( #!(#! 6!# #D ( .
$(D#!%$3#".N@-20,5±2,5 x 10
13
W-24J8A4".# #".-%
%#%#-$$!%!$!#3#! !2!.! -"W-" !#!2"!*
''06! !'".#"#"#!.46(-$%#(D# %6%
"(#!(#!(!$! 6."O #($#"#2."(6(%#$
($%+."*#($. #.%' %#&.4
(6!#- !!%.(%#-##"#!.!% (%#
δT
TT
obs
"
δT
Tη
obs
-(
/"+"(" %*!'%!6!#!%6."O ..". 4
/".! ".# #(D# D !#(%# $% %# $!
!(".*($ "!$!%!$!#3#! !2!.! .%'
J8K
'! #" -$!%!$.(%#%/" !$!#"#"#"#!.4(
!"#! %$3#".M-$%#!(".*%6%"(#"#"(.+%#
1/".2 %.!(#.'!E8J% 6"% !7&4
!(- !6%*%#6."O .2#! #D $%#(D#
/".#!( %$3#".%#!$ #.!% 1 !6%*%#
$% %%#&.!(". %.!(#.)'!46(-#%
%0!#!#!$4
J8`
9 - CARACTERIZANDO AS PERTURBAÇÕES DE MESO-
ESCALA NA FRENTE POLAR
( #(!% %#!2"!*S !".*(D ! !2!.!
(.26."O .%%"#.-%# #(!%%/"
%!#!2!.! 2 #%#% /"%#%".# !(".*4
$#! !'(?(.. %(.! .* "$63! (
.%' %#&.%#.,%#!@6!'4KKA-2($$'* "(!%.
$.#$)O!(#!# ]@1/" % !'(A4#%#
'! # !%. #% %6"- $ $%#% #!%0!4 &
'* # !'("#!.!(%#&. !#$!et al. @JLLLA4
Figura 55. !'(?(.. %(.! .* "$63! (@(A.%' %#
&.'"% ".# !(".*(( .?Z@/" A .#!(#!
@ !!#A4!O 2!$% 1.#!#" M8vE78v-#% O$(](
.%' %#&..!(#.)'! 6!%! $!et al. @JLLLA46!O+!%#!"!%
".# ( .!% !($3 (/"%$"3(".# 4
6!%!#!$#"2*S-%##%#-%D"($#!!."(/"
!2!.! (.%%#&.$"!#3#! !4&#
J8M
($#(% 2Y.!%-%/"%#"#$#6()#!"
$%#$%#(%#)#! ! 1!%#*S%.!%4
!#!%'"!%#% 2Y)#!$#! 2*S ($
%D"(#6!($. ! %! .#."*S#($.$!.
4!(-$ $%#6."O #($#"(%/" (!
#!(#!- ".# 2#! !#(%# $#"2*S .!
#($#" !(".*%"(D!$$!!(-W"%#(%#( .#!(#!-
2 !%6(*S%0!$##64
(2 $+.#% et al.@788`A$#! .#!(#!$
#D.!#$%'.2.-$*(!%'D#! !2!.! %%#
("(2% #!# $#-$$'% '.(%#$#4'"%
"#- %'!S(!%'D#!(.#!#" "$!7Kv-!2!.!
2 %($ %(.! .* "$63!.!#0(!!
)#!%.!%/"% 2Y4
%#%#-#!('(%$.! !#(%#%"#. ! 1
!%#*%#6#6."O$.# $#"2*S (.4
!(-(#D !'(?(.. 6!'"KK@#(2D(!'4NPA"(
$$'*$.# $#"2*S-%#0! /"$#%#
'.2'"% +.#%et al. @788`A4.(%#-'"% ?"'+@JLL`A-#.!%#*
(6."O(D !6(/"$("('"! % 2Y4
%#% /"($S#!! (.%%"#.%#0
$!# %!! /"%# 1 !%#* # ( D.". % !".*
(! !%.-$3!$ 6(* $#"2*S"!*(.
.%' #($@!%# .A4
#D $#%#($%$* %(.! .*
"$63! ( @!'4K`A-!%#$. $$!* %#&.
6!%! $!et al. @JLLLA-2#(.#($.$!. !2!.! 4
!.$#!(%#($ (/".$%!%# %0.!
6%X(%% %6%#4
J89
Figura 56. $##($.@/" A$!.@ !!#A(D !@(
7
A %(.! .*
"$63! (-2#! !%#$. $$!* %#&. 6!%! $
!et al. @JLLLA4.!%+"..$%#(%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4
#(.+@→A!% !(6/aF%!%'".(!%'D#!.!% $%0.!4
!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !@/" A( !%$/"!.X(#
@ !!#A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+K4
6/aF%! (! %'D#! .!% $# #($.
$% (1$3 -$O!( (%#5189 dias-142 dias-106 dias-90 dias
35 dias46((.+%#-$$#$!.6(.!% $!
$% %#1($!(%# % 52270 km-633 km-504 km406 km4
9.1 - OS VÓRTICES NA PORÇÃO ADJACENTE AO OCEANO
ATLÂNTICO SUL DO OCEANO AUSTRAL
&! %#!6! )#! !% !! "!% ".# !(".*% %
"#. "#!.!( "( !% ! +32! %# $,(# ]"2E!-
%.! %#2.+ ]"2@JLM8AE!@JLLJA-!#D!!%(0#!
$%# (."2(%!%et al. @788PA(.%!et al.@788`A4
("O3.! #!% ! -$(1!%$*!".#D ($
%(.! .* "$63! ($! %#!6!%#2!.!)#!
#%#%".# !(".*/"%#% .#!(#! 4
J8L
Parâmetro de Okubo-Weiss
$,(# ]"2E!!$($ .! ('!S
(!% $.#!! .#!'!S (!% $.#%S 6(*
@Qstrain”A4#$,(#6!$.! %#!(%#$0!'!S-(<.6
.]@?%%_+(-7889A- !#,%@%%#%#et al4-788`A
'.2.(%#@+.#%et al.-788MA4$,(#$# $!%3$!/""()#!-
$ 6!%!*-%!#("('! .##!! @%U. )#!A
$"(D.". !".*% #%S 6(*!($#%#@E!-
JLLJA4
!(- 6!%!(#!! @ωA($%%#%(.@s
n
A!.+%#@s
s
A
#% 6(*(5
ω=
∂ v
∂ x
−
∂ u
∂ y
s
n
=
∂u
∂ x
−
∂v
∂ y
@PNA
s
s
=
∂ v
∂ x
∂u
∂ y
% u v ($%%#%.(! !%. .! -$#!(%#4
&#!% # 6!%!*S-$,(# ]"2E!@WA(2!%##(5
W=s
n
0
+s
s
2
−ω
7
@PKA
6(-!%. W!0 #(!%0 (!% $.#%
6(* @Wl8A 0 (!% $. #!! @W‚8A4 %U.
)#!"'(('!S%#(W%'#!- $.$!#!
$"(($ 6"% % . W$/"%(.*%U.
@%'#!"$!#!A4
'"!% #2.+%#!@?%%_+(-7889V%%#%# et al4-
788`V &/" et al., 788JA #(!%( "( .!(!# (3%!( -0,2 σ
W
$
JJ8
#(!%%U. )#!#D W, o% σ
W
D !$ W-
.". $ #($$# '!4(( !#2.+@O45
+.#%et al.-788MA-"#!.!(%#%6+ W = -2x10
-12
s
-2
$ 6!%!
%U. )#!4
#!%!!!(#("(."*Q"! T$ W-#%#$#!
($ .! !(". /"%# .! ! %(.!
.* "$63! .#!(#!4&"! %#% -%#-O!#F%!
("!#%#%- 6!%!% %U. )#! !#(%+-% ("!#
(%/"! 6(* 2Y $!(!( 2.3%!4.
#3#! 1 (!$#"2*S$%#%($ .! -(
! . $!!- /" % %#!#"( $$!(%# )#!4 #
$#"2*S$."(($ W.". 4
& "$ # $2.( $.!( "( #D%! 6!.# (U.#!$.
% .#@waveletA " ($!* ( (".#!%3! % .#- '"% !# (
(Y_ +(% @788NA4 # #D%! $% "( ( ".* !%.
#D " "(D!6!.# !'!#! 2% #!#$%.!!*S
%($.!#" 6 !%! !$!(6"%* #($ 6/aF%!4#
($!*6!.! #D 6"%*E7- #2-"#!.!% "(
6!.# !'!#. #!$ "2+!4 6(- #!( %0.! 7 (!
%U( % .! $. %# -/"$% JG`v%
".# ( .7GPv%.#!(#!4
Critério Cinemático
# !#D! "#!.! !*S %# $ ## )#! (
#"#"%#4# !*S($"# $#! ($%%#%.
(! !%. .! O$$#! "(6%!.#!%-"W-%
!*8v$% 1.! $.#4
&#!% $!%3$! %# )#!$O!( (%#!".-
#2.! "(0 !*S$% % "(3".$6!# %
!.%!(%#"#%#!!.%!(%#@24J9A4
JJJ
Tabela 18. 0 !*S$ #* )#!H!#D!!%(0#!4
NK 7` 8 PPP PJK 77K 78` J98 JKP JPK
`P NK 8 PJK 7L` JNP 77K J98 JPK JJ`
L8 L8 7M8 7M8 7M8 7M8 L8 L8
JJ` JPK J98 77K 7NP 7L` PJK 8 NK `P
JPK JKP J98 78` 77K PJK PPP 8 7` NK
)#!!.X%! )#!%#!!.X%!
(2(06($.! ( ".# !(".*-
$% ' ( . $ #($ 6( $" $
#"#" /" D/a( 1 !*S $ #(!% 4 6( (.+%#-
(6!$.!1.! ! .#!(#!4
()#!!(". $"( !*S!(!.1/". (0-
(%$6!#(%#!".-6(! %#!6! #"#"((D !
/" 0#! #DNKv(.*1(04#6!#2.! #D
$.!* (D# J8#"#"! %#!6! !".(%#4
% ."*$!. ( . JGJ7v-"((0 KOK$%#
' -("#!.! %##2.+-2"('! $O!( (%#8-Nv4#
Q."*T (D# $% 1 "( !#,%! 77^( 1 `8v-
$% % $O!( (%# 2 ! 6(* 2Y
$!(!( 2.3%!$#.#!#" 4"W-($#"2*S !
!%#2!.! 2.3%!((!#O !(%##($O!( (%#N
! 6(* 2Y@^"% "-JLL8A-(D# D$ ! %#!6!
%# #"#"#!!/"#% ($O!((.+ 3".$6!#
O$%(046#-+.#%et al. @788MA2(-$#!
.#!(#! $ #D.!#- "( !,(# J88]( $ )#! % %
"#.4%."S(.+%#2#! $$.!* .#!(#!4
JJ7
Integração entre o parâmetro de Okubo-Weiss e o critério cinemático
$ #($ ( .- W 6! .". $# ( 4
&#!(%#-6(.!% %U./"$($..!(!##2.! $
W @-0,2 σ
W
A4 !(".#%(%#- !#D! !%(0#! 6! "#!.! $ ! %#!6!
#"#"!".%!".*$ ( 4
%# "((($ #($6(.!% $%# '
% !!#D!!% !(O!#F%! "()#!4!#D!!%(0#!6!
"#!.! $ !6%! )#! !.X%! %#!!.X%!4 " W- (
".# 2#! $#! $.!* $,(# ]"2E!(#(
"! (( $) "#!.!* ($!* ( % .#- ! %#!6!%
'!S .##!! .#!/"%%!(%#$% (1)#!-
"#!.!( !#D! !%(0#! $ 6 "( .* /". #"#" /"
$% (.(%#)#!%#%($ .! 4
&".# !(".*%"(D!-$#! #"#"! %#!6!
6! 2" "( F%! ( $6"% ! 4 ! %! ( "( )#!
#"#" ! %#!6! /" .%* (% %% ( ( .- $
$% $!(!( O."!(%#!$!%.6 ( (!#"
@<2!"O-7889A4
Resultados
"(6('.-)#!2 $%#(#%.*.%'
%#&.-'"!% 6."O(D ! 4##3#!D0.! #%#$
)#!2 %.#!(#!/"%#%".# !(".*4
".# ( .%"(D!-%6!$3.! %#!6!)#!
"% %# &. % '! W%# #.,%#! ".4 ( !#D!
!%(0#! "%U( #"#"!'!%.(%#! %#!6! $.$,(#
]"2E!- 6! .! "( ## #D $.!* (%# '"%
$,(#1.! 2#)$!!(". 4%#%#-###$%#"
JJP
((#3#! ".# 2#! $!#D!($.#@]"2E!…
!%(0#!A4
)#! ! %#!6! .%' %# &.- #%# % ".#
!(".*%"(D!/"%#% .#!(#! -$"(#(%+
! 4%#%#-$ (2"( !,(#%# $O!( (%#
J88]( %# )#! /" "( %# &. ! %#!6! %
.#!(#!-( # %#2.+ +.#%et al. @788MA4
".# 2#! $#! .#!(#!!% !(/")#!
! %#!6! #(%#&.(%#(.'"('!S2( 6!%! -
.'$)$'($.#!# ]@eK8vEA". B6!@%#7Kv
P8vA@!'"KMK9-$#!(%#A4#W#)! )#!'"('!
(! !,%! .* "$63!- !% !% %#!#"3( # "(
%#!2"!*!($#%#%!2!.! ##.4
2((%# !)#!"% %#&.%%#! ".%#4
#$% (1)#!!.X%!"% %#&.%$*.#
%#.,%#!".@!'4K9A4#$"( "*S##! $O!( (%#JL`
!- "6(*#D%((!! %#!6! $.$,(# # 4
$!(!'! % )#!"(%#&.@eK8vEA!%!
("($! 6."O #($#"$.#!! (.$!#((2
( .$(D#!"#!.! %$3#".N-%/"%#'!(!.#@%#
7KvP8vA$"!$% F%!(%#%( .$(D#!2 %
.#!(#!@!'4N7A4#!%! F%!D"(6#!% !* $$.
6"% (%#. )#!26."O .#D 4
#2.JL-'"!-$%# !#!2"!* )#!2 % "
'!S-2((" !,(#.! #%.*(D !4!'"KL
!."#$'( "()#! ## %.#!(#!$.%#&.4
JJN
Figura 57. W#)! )#!!.X%!@⧫A%#!!.X%!@⧫A! %#!6! %.#!(#!-
/""(%#&.@⧫A%$*# %#.,%#!".4%#%$%#!.+
$%#(($ !,%! %(.! .* "$63! (@(
7
).
JJK
Figura 58. W#)! )#!!.X%!@⧫A%#!!.X%!@⧫A! %#!6! %.#!(#!-
/""(%#&.@⧫A%$*.# %#.,%#!".4%#%$%#!.+
$%#(($ !,%! %(.! .* "$63! (@(
7
A4
JJ`
Tabela 19. &$! )#!! %#!6! % .#!(#!-(#% %U(
)#!% $%$ '!-"2 !! ! %#!.X%!%#!!.X%!4
$%# #(2D(!%6(*S .! #%.* !,(#(D !4
* anos incompletos de dados.
JJM
Vórtices Região Ano Numero Vel. media (m/s) Diâmetro medio (km)
Ciclônico
W
2 0.0685 130.7
2002 4 0.0842 94.03
2003 2 0.0849 137.6
2004 4 0.0992 106.9
2005 1 0.0809 97.2
2006* 1 0. 0856 81
média 2.8 0.0860 107.9
E
2001* - - -
2002 - - -
2003 - - -
2004 1 0.0332 88.7
2005 1 0.0391 100.1
2006* - - -
média 0.4 0.0330 94.4
Anti-ciclônico
W
2001* - -
2002 7 0.0832 112.73
2003 3 0.0850 109.12
2004 2 0.0885 91.2
2005 3 0.0913 91.9
2006* - -
média 3 0.0859 101.24
E
2001* - - -
2002 1 0.0357 110
2003 2 0.0423 90.8
2004 2 0.0391 84.3
2005 - - -
2006* - - -
média 1 0.0397 95.03
2001
*
Figura 59. ($ %(.! .* "$63! @(A(%#%
$,(# ]"2E! 7OJ8
J7
($#4R !!#D$%# #.+@#,%'". %
6!'"1/" A "()#!"% %#&.-$%# $..!%+$#'4
JJ9
6(2#("($ ($*$.$!!
6/aF%! F%!2#! $#! ($%+(%# )#!!% !! "!-
.!("(%0.!$#.%#($%$*$'!S(/"#
"( %# &.4 '! 6!%! ( “W” #0 ($% ! %#
.%'!#" KM-PNvEN9-JJvE.#!#" KM-N`vNL-LJv40'!
6!%! ( “E” #0($% ! %#.%'!#" J7-Kv7L-9Mv
.#!#" NL-97vN9-K9v4$#%#($%$*$'!SE
# O$# % 6!'" `8 `J- $#!(%#4 ( $# 6(
.!% K$! 6/aF%!G%U( % (! # -#%
".# "%! %#2.784
Figura 60. $##($.@/" A$!.@ !!#A(D !@(
7
A %(.! .*
"$63! (-2#! -%'!W %#&. 6!%! $!et al.
@JLLLA4.!%+"..$%#(%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4#
(.+@→A!% !(6/aF%!G%U( % %'".(!%'D#!.!% $
%0.!4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !@/" A( !%$
/"!.X(#@ !!#A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+K4
JJL
Figura 61. $##($.@/" A$!.@ !!#A(D !@(
7
A %(.! .*
"$63! (-2#! -%'!E %#&. 6!%! $!et al.
@JLLLA4.!%+"..$%#(%.#)! LKi %6!%*$$#4#
(.+@→A!% !(6/aF%!G%U( % %'".(!%'D#!.!% $
%0.!4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !@/" A( !%$
/"!.X(#@ !!#A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+K4
Tabela 20. &$! $!.!% %%0.!$#! %(.! .*
"$63! (%%#&.%'!S% )#!"(%#&.-$)#!#
]@EA". #6.O %# '".+@A4&#%0.!6("#!.!
.#!(#! 4
REGIÃO PERÍODOS (DIAS) COMPRIMENTOS DE ONDA (KM)
E
79N NPK
JN7 N7
J8` P8
L8 79
KM 77
K`M N7K
7JP KP
J8` P`
MJ 79
NL JM
(#3#!%#0.%".# #2.78D'% !6%*%#
$!(!%U( % # "2/a%#-((2'!S4#
!% !/"(% !6%X(% . !#!%##% %%#
&.4($(#".# 1.$!!#($! # $
# %#&.-%6!'"KK-! %!(/". ( K8](
!($#%#(%#..(%#-$ % #! )#!4(%##-
J78
.#($!(.+%#%#%0.! # %#&..!
2 " '!S # 4 6#- $#! %U( F%!
# %#2.JL$'!W-$3 !%!! )#!
"% %#&. ~130 dias$)#!!.X%!~121 dias$
)#!%#!!.X%!4
Estrutura vertical
% %%".# 2#! %$3#".M-#!((!(".*
%"(D!$ $ "!#"#"#!. $#"2*S4&#%#-$
!(".*(( .?Z%$%#)#!$$'% #D
%#&.-.$ "#!.! $#!(("#"#"#!!4
#!.!("(*(! !%.(KKvE-#% 6."O(D !
(!%+$! $.)#!! %#!6! %".# !(".*%"(D!4
#*$O!( '!((!F%! )#!"% %#
&.%".# 2#! $#! .#!(#!@!'4NKA4.'"%!%#%#%
2()#!"% #*6(.!% $%0.!-#% "
#"#"#!! #($#"%(.! .! ($ .*
"$63! (O$#%6!'"`74
)#!%.! #% #*$"(- 6#-"(
#"#" #!. ( (( $ .%# $. ($!* (
.! % $3#". M4 " W- )#! 2%'( # ."% m0'"
$%#% "(#"#" (!% $.( 2#)$!-((.!
!(!%"!% ( !*6"% 4%!% #%0.!".# $3#".M-
%#% (/"#!)#!$"("(($%%#2#)$! (!%%#"(
$!(!( 2.3%!!($#%#4
)#!%#!!.X%!$%#(- 6('.-(!!%#%/"
!.X%!4%#%#-(2#!%'(# ."% m0'"$"("(#"#"
.! (.+%#42%6!'"`7 6(*%!#("
$.$'( #"#"4
J7J
Figura 62. O($. )#!%#!!.X%!@ !"$!A!.X%!@ !!%6!A"%
"(* !(".*%"(D!(KKvE4R/" #($ %(.! .*
.! 2#)$!-1 !!##*S #($#"%(.! .! H%
%#%2.! %'#!$#.! $!#!-%#7K(G7K(G(
!%#. K(G4
J77
9.2 - PROPAGAÇÃO DE ONDAS DE ROSSBY NA FRENTE POLAR
"(6('.-2/"'!S (!#!! (
.%%"#.#! 16#W# -#% ('% $#
#3#!% ".#)!@6!'4NPKKA46#-% 2Y%+! (%#
!($#%#% #(!%* !".*,%!(.'.-.%#!#"(
(%!(#D /". 0W"##%!%# !".*,%!1(" %*
%6*%# #(6D!(.'.-#2.% $ S !".*
,%!%+! 4
%/"%#%'!/"#!.#% $"(.! (
J(G-(.#.#!#" .! !(!%"! #!(%#$$%.'"%(G4
6(- % 2Y $$'% % '! % "#.
6#(%#!%6."%! $.6."O(D ! @?"'+-JLL`A4
6#-%/"%#(!$# %'!(2!O6/aF%!$$'$
#%'!S#$!!"2#$!!-% ! % 2Y.%'
@+.#% _ +.O- JLL`V +.#% et al.- 788` 788MA- % 2
$$'*$.#-! %!% !%6."F%! 6#6."O(D ! %#%#
!*4
2W#! ##$D#!$* #!! (.%
%"#..#!1$$'* % 2Y2#)$!- 2"%
($% (#!%#'((%#(D !$%# $.4&
#%#- "#!.!( %(.! ($%%# (! !%. .! @vA
2#! $#! !(".*(( .?Z.". $#! .*
"$63! (@ηA $#! .*'#)6!@/"*KA4
!.! !%!!.(%#"(%0.!$#. ($%%#(! !%.@vA
.! - $#! ".# !(".* %"(D! .!
! .#!(#! - 6( #(!% 6/aF%!
%'".(!%'D#!@fpA$ $%# ' -$% % $3 %#
K87K8 !@(.A4 .#!(#!-fp6(!%#$.
$$!*.!(#.)'! %#&.-'"% ! et al. @JLLLA-%#
( fp 6!.". @!'4`JA4&".# !(".*6!"#!.!
..!* %#&.FP-hm4
J7P
fp ( (! %U( F%!- % !(".* %
.#!(#!-%#"#!.! $.!* "(%0.!$#." %#
# $%# ' W%#%.(%#@# ' .%'
%"#.$.#!(#!V%$* W%#%#.,%#!".$
!(".*A- 6( #(!% !6%* 6 %# # $%# -
%/a%#(%#-.! 6%! $$'* !%.4
( !#(^!..[#+@JLMLA-(2#"#" ."% m0'"W
!($#%#2( % /"$ ($$'-.* !$
"(% 2Y2#)$!@PMA!%! ("(6."O(D !@?"'+-JLL`V
^"% "- JLL8A $ "#!.! $ %#% ( #3#! /".!##!
!%#* % (#6."O(D !4
U −c=
β
e
k
r
+l
2
+Rd
−2
@PMA
% U D.! %.(D !-c D.! 6%.2 -@k,lA
%U( % %.(! !%. Rd D! 6(* 2Y
2#)$!4 β
e
$% 2# 6#!- !%."!% 6!# !*
.* !.!(.#!#" !.+(%#(! !%. 6."O(D !@P9A4
β
e
=
∂ f
∂ y
−
∂
r
U
∂ y
7
@P9A
#( U-c ( @PMA $% 1 .! $$'* !%.
2 % 4$#! %+!(%# ##( .! %.
(D !-$ (#!(/"..! 6 $#"2*4.D( !-
".# 2#! %$3#".MW"#!6!($O!(*$"(% 2#)$!-
"(/"#( O$.!(!$# !,%!%%"#.4
&#!(#!.! 2 .#!(#!-.!
(D !%.6!2#! $#! ( .'#)6!40$".# ( .
%"(D!6!.2 "((D ! P%!(". 4
J7N
Resultados para os dados de altimetria
%0.!$#..! $$#"2* ($%%#(! !%.
.! '#)6!-2#! $#! .#!(#! -.""(
( 6%#16/aF%!%'". 8-8N7M G !-$% % N-9(-⁓
((#+!#'( F%! 6/aF%!%'".$%#&.
$%# %6!'"`P4#6/aF%!#$)O!(1/".2 $(
2#)$! Jv ( 2.3%! % .! 6"% ! 7&
@8-8NKLP G !A-"#!.! $ !* #"#"#!.%$3#".M4#
!% !/"$ (.!%#!%.$$'% $.%#&.1#"#"
! 6"% !4
Figura 63. ?!#'( F%! 6/"F%!%'".@ G !A(!%'D#!.%'
%#&.-2#! $#! .#!(#! 4
.! $$'*.". $#$3 #$%#
%6!'"`N-% 2$$'*$.#%!O $#%
#%# '!4.#3#!# (2*S +.#%et
al. @788`A2$$'* %'!$6%!.(%#$#%%-
"2#% % "(!%#*(6#6."O$.#%!O-6% (
/".! 62 $"( !*$.#4
($ 2 %/"*@PMA-( ! U-c "(%#- l
2
$O!( 4!(-% 6# W#$.#-% UD'%
J7K
#% ("( "*%#" %"( % (! !%.4#$
6(/"'! $$'*$.#%%#%!O -($
2 %".# $%# %6!'"`N-"(/"#D6( $
!W#$!%!$!( !*.#4
%##%#-( ! /"$O!( .!(/"U=c, ($/"%
.! 62 "(%#!($#,%!.#! !! "
6!#%.!%4'"% ?"'+@JLL`A-+0 !'F%! #% Y%.
("('!(#% #( 3#!-6"%!%% ("(% 2*
% .% 6."O(D !$#4
$#! ((%#(/"6!#%.!%#%(!($#%#%
( 3#!-#$"('! 6.O % 4!(- !'F%!
#% Y%. $% 6!($!!% %#(
3#!..! %#". !O$!%!$. W#46(-#W#
$($#("('"! % 4
$#! ".# $%# %6!'"`N@/" A .!
.". (( .'#)6!$ (#!(.! 6 %
2Y@cA$$'% %%"#.@!'4`N-%#A42-!(-
/" .! 6 (! !%#% !%! ( ( '! !O (D !
$!%!$. 4
$#! .! .". - #!(( #D /"* @PMA
%U( % -%/a%#(%#-($!(%# % !%.$$'%
#D %#&.@!'4`N- !!#A4
!O 2 ($!(%# % (
K88M88^(-/"#0$)O!( #!(#!6!##D !'(?(..
6!'" NP KK4 %# "2%#0#! ($!(%# % (D ! D
~525km40%%#&.-($!(%# % (D !D 571,8 km-("(
!$ 185,5 km4#($!(%# % (D !D !%
(!/" !,(# )#!! %#!6! % .#!(#!-
$O!( ($!(%# % 2 %#"#"#!.$#! ( .
@$3#".MA4'!6 /"* !$@PMA%$"!."*
.-%+% $$'* % 2Y2#)$!%#6/aF%!4
J7`
6(- ".# !% !( /" $# %'! 2 %
!2!.! $ ! 1$$'* % 2Y ($!(%#
.%'4 %.!% . $!! /" 2( %0.! #"#"
#!.- % $3#". M- 2( /" ".# $O!(( (!
6/a%#(%# /"..! 1$$'* )#!4%#%#-
(!..$!!2 @N88K88](A$)O!( ".#
2#! $$$'* % 2Y4.! %!$ 2 #%#
%".# ( .%"(D!/"%#% .#!(#!4#!% !/"-
6#- !$(!(".#%(%#.%' %#&.4
J7M
Figura 64. $ - /" $ !!#-.! $$'*@(GA % (
6/aF%!%'". 8-8N7M G !-.! $$'*"(!% !%."(%
2Y@(GA($!(%# % 2Y@(A$$'% %%"#.-2#!
.#!(#!4.!%+).! $%#($!* %#"2%#0#!@⧫-⧫A%#
%#&.@⧫A".-'"% !#$!et al. @JLLLA.
J79
Resultados para a simulação numérica
6((.+%# .#!(#!-%0.!$#..! $
$#"2* ($%%#(! !%. .! !(".*.""((
%6/aF%! 8-8K78MJ G !eN($$#"2*S$$'%
.%' %#&. FP-hm @!'4`KA4c!%#%#%#/"#$% -
$O!( (%#-'"% 6/aF%!((!F%!% .#!(#!4
Figura 65. ?!#'( F%! 6/aF%!%'".(!%'D#!.%' %#
&.-2#! $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
.! $$'*.". $#6/aF%!-$%# %
6!'" `` @#$A- $%#( "( $ !#!2"!* $!. (.+%#
".# $.#!(#!46(-2("( (!%,%! .!
6$.#%!O - ! 1!%#*(6."O(D !4
$#! # .! $$'* .! 6."O (D !-
#!((.! 6$% 2Y2#)$!@cA$$'%
% '! % ".# ( .4 # - .! (D !
$% (P% !(".* !$%3!@!'4``H2A4.!
6 % 2Y%#%$%#("((!%+#..%'
(% .#!(#!4#$ #.!% #(#2.+%
/"!(%#( $* W%# % #.,%#!".- % -(( %
".# ! .#!(#!- 6!%!* 6%#$#%# (!%+
$$'* % %D$!4
J7L
$.!% ".# %#!1/"*@PMA-.".(%U(
% % 2Y$% %#16/aF%! (!F%!4%#%#-
(.! 6.! 6."O(D !2#! !(".*
("!# 6'(%# .%' # '!- % +0 "( $ %#
($!(%# % 4"W-#$%#(#(2D(("!#6'(%# -(
$%* "((!%+. $$'*$% 2Y-(2
%".# !"% .#!(#!4
6(- % $ ( O$.! # !%. % ".# !(".*
#D "(% 2Y2#)$!4
Figura 66. $ .! $$'* % (!%'D#!%%#&.@#$A@(GA
.! $$'*"(!% !%."(% 2Y@2A@(GA-2#! ".#
!(".*(( .?Z4.!%+).! @⧫A$%#($!* %#&.
FP-hm.
JP8
10 - CONCLUSÕES
$%##2.+!(#" $$. #!! (.2
6."O .#D %#!"($.%#0#!@A4#D"(#(
.%#!($#,%!- ! 1!%6."%! #.6."O2'!S 6(*
0'" 6"% $6"% 4 !(- %#% $ S !".* "
!2!.! % 6% "23 ! $ ."! .!'*S %# "2!#(
#(6D!,%!- !#(.!(0#! -"!*S(.
#($!%#%"!%#%0!4
%!!($.!% #!'#)6!$2# "( ! !".*
(D !%%"#.4'"!-$.!(! D! "(2.%* .#D
%#&.-$%# !'!%.(%#$ ]_!%@JL9JA-12
( %46(-2#!(#!(#!#".! %#!2"!*
( 2#)$!2.3%! 6."O'#)6!(D !- ( ](%-
!% !#(%#- #!! (.$6."O .##.4$#!
$.!* !( .$(D#!-2#!( !#!2"!*''06! 6."O
#($#"!% !*S !($#,%! $ !%#2!.! 2.3%!%
6(* $#"2*S4#!.!% .!(#.'!E8J- "(6"% !
.! "%#&'(E".# "(!(".*%"(D!'.2.
( .# ."* @JGJ7° PP %3!A ( ( . ?Z- #!((
%#!2"!* ( #!! $$'*%%#&.4#!*
#!! (.6!6!#$#! ! %#!6!* $$'* )#!
% 2Y%%"#.-#D .#!(#!".#
( .%"(D!4.!% -%#- %(.! .*#($#"
"$63! (- 2#! #D %!(%# (#- 1 #"#" #!.
! !(".*%"(D!-2#!(#!(#! !# 6."O #($#"
#D %#&.4
("($!(!%0.!-!".*%.(D !%%"#.D2(
O$.! #D ( .'#)6!-(#%$##!( @158 Sv em
DrakeA% % ( !"#@O45.2et al., JLL7788NV!%#".et
al.-788JV.Y%-JLLMA4%#%#-!".*(! !%.O$$#(D#
JPJ
D6.+-%% $ .D.". %$!#$%"#.
-$#%#-6."O .."(#D ! #4
+!$)#20!/"'##2.+D /"#!! (.D
$!%!$. $%0. $. #2.!(%# $ !".* (! !%.
2 %%"#.4#+!$)#D.'(%#!#-$ #!(#!
$! 6."O .#D W( !63! 2#- $% %
'.(%# (# " ( .'( ($"#!%.4 6(-
#!(#!%#! 6."O .$$!% $.#!! (.
6.+-W$.$"2%'F%!$!. "#!.! -W$.6.#
%+!(%# #"#" #!. " $. !($!S !%%# ( .
%"(D!"#!.! 4
($!(!(!%+$#!((%#!2"!* #!! (
.D#D 0.". "(2.%* . (". -(
$$# !'!%.(%# $ ] _ !% @JL9JA4 '"!% $$#
"#-"#!.!(%#&.$ 6!%!.!(!#". !#( !%,(!4
#!.!% "( 6!%!* %#&.!%! %#(!#((D !%#!.
J-Pv- !($.!6!( % 2.%* %! ( #( 6%# 1
%#!2"!* ( 2#)$! $$'*26."O .4$#! #
6%#!-.".(6."O .! ( 2.3%!@-2,7 x 10
13
WA1
( ](%@~20,5 ± 14 x 10
13
WA-"#!.!% .!(#.'! #($#"
.!%! E8J .!(#.'! .! #%S %# &-
E?..(%_!%#!%@JL9PA4%! % $ . %
$#(6". %(!%+ !%#'*-2#! 2!2.!'6!-$" (
#!(%#!2"!*$.#!! (.(% 6."O%0!
$6+2.%*@~ - 48 ± 14 x 10
13
WA46."O ..". %$%#
#2.+$%#"(.$)O!( /".2#! !'!%.(%#$ ]_
!%@JL9JA@-45± 30 x 10
13
WA4
%#%#- # 2.%* % 6% (%# "( . ##. 2#!
!% !#(%#-(%!% !(#6."O ! #!! (.#
!#!2"3 .%' %#&.4%-!(-%0!.!".#
0.".'#)6!(D# $ !%."!%#!2"!*..$.!2!.! 4
$#($ !( .$(D#!2 ( .#!(#!$#D.!#
JP7
@'"% ?..[Y_^!#(%%%-JL9NV?..[Y-JL9`A%!%.!%*
!$!%! "(.!(#.'!+! '06!$%"#.@'"% !2]et
al.- JLLMA4
(2 (D# 6( $ $ "! 6."O . % (
'% %0!$6+2.%*!"($. .@50± 5 x 10
13
WA4&
2( ( %!# !6%#- # ( . #( 1 #% #3#!
$#!". !".*(! !%.4( . 2 %.#!(#!$#D.!#
!% !/"$6"% ! 7888(D"(2#!(#!$.%
$#"2*S-6*% !(+!$)# !%#* #(6"% (6(
(%#/"!.32! 40( .2 %.!(#.'!!% !/"
!%#2!.! 2.3%!D 6#"($!($#%#%%"#.-$ %
! 1'!S((!%'!-O$#D !,%! %3.
(4
.D( 6%#!(#! !# 6."O #($#"#D %#
&.-"(".# !($#%# ( .$(D#!D! %!"($
#%$#$.$#"2*S%%# ( #(!% '!S@6!'"7N7KA4
##! ''6!(%#1&'( ]-1'! #6.O
%# '".+-&.#X ^'".(1#!*6."O ".
(,%!4
#$ !#!2"!*''06! 6."O#D $#"2*S%
6!$ "! /" (%#$.!(".*%"(D!(( .?Z4
6#-!(".*$%#"#%$#!%#' %'! #.,%#!(%/"
2#! $#! ( .$(D#!@~-14 x 10
13
W %!(".*-20,5± 2,5
x 10
13
W %( .$(D#!A4$ !-# (D# "#!.! !% !(
#!! (.$ "$..(%##%$#%(
](%- $%#% "( 6."O #($#" $ ". (! !%#% % 0'"
$6"% ($!#$.D.". %4
($ !,%! @!'4 PPA ! (D ! /" 0#! @!'4 PKA
.* "$63! ( .#!(#! !(".*-(#(#$
$ "!$!* '!S ((! %'! %$* %"#.
W%# % #.,%#! ". H &'( ]- %6."F%! !.
.!%#6.O %# '".+4
JPP
$ %6%%#!(#! 6."O .-W"%#(%#"
!#!2"!*$!.-( .$(D#!%$ .#"#"
#!. $#"2*S4!(-#D %0.! ( .'#)6!-
"(6"% !%%#&.@7&A ".# !(".*%"(D!-
$" (($/"$#"2*S (!% $.( 2#)$!4
%#%#- !6%#(%# ("(%#%! -%0.! #"#"#!!
! %!""(%#!2"!*!($#%# $!(!( 2.3%!H/"%$
!'% 4
.(%#-.".(6."O .$#! $ "#
.#!(#! 2#! $ #D.!#- "#!.!* !6%# (# .'!
! %!" %! %! !* #!. %(.!
.! #($#"4 #("(#"#" ."% m0'"$"(%#
2#)$!-. #%$#".#%#@-225,5 x 10
13
WA6!
(!/"#!(#! $3#".%#!4(%##- #("(
#"#" /" !%."! !* #!. !%%# 1 %#!2"!* $!(! (
2.3%!-(.! !(!%"!% ( !*6"% -6."O .
2#! @-20,8 x 10
13
WA $O!(" ".# 2.%* ( .
$(D#!-2(( #!(#!%#!(%#$"2.! 4
'"% (D# 2"("($6!.(D ! #"#"#!.
$#"2*S4%#%#-$.!* "($6!.(D !2#! "(!(".*%
'! W%#%#.,%#!".$# !"!#!"($.%D$
$%#!*''06! #3#! !2!.! 4(!(-
. ( '% $ - ! 2.%* $3#".N-6(2#! -
%6#!% !($#,%! %! "( #"#" #!. /" %#%+
%#!2"!* $!(!( 2.3%!4
%0.! #!* $#"2*S % %# &. ! %!"
F%! !6%#6%X(%(.! !#!%# 6%#4&!%."!(
!%6(* 6%# 1 !* ''06! #"#" #!. $#"2*S-
$.!("((D# 2 %#2.!(%# .*S%#!%6(*S
2#! ("$63!(#"#"#!.4.*S6(2#! $#!
".# !(".*%"(D!(( .?Z-$'! W%#
%#.,%#!". %#&.46."O #($#"!%#' $#0
JPN
@~-11 x 10
13
WA$O!( /".2#! ( (!(# .'! 0.".
$'! %"#. W%#%#.,%#!".4#! %!
!($#,%! !* ''06! $ ! %#!6! ( #!!
(..%' %#&.4%#%#-#(# .'!".#!% (
"(6."O .(%/"/".2#! #D ( .$(D#!@-20,5±
2,5 x 10
13
WA4# !6%*$ #.!% !6%*%#$
% %%#&.%!(".*%.! %#$* %"#.-
("F%! )#!"% %#&.% 2Y$$'%
.%' 6%# % ".# !(".*4 6(- #"#" #!.
! ( .$ %$% O#(%#1/". $#"2*S%
.! 4
#2. 7J "%! 6."O . .". $#! !6%#
(# .'!"#!.! %$%##" 4
Tabela 21. ."O .G#($#"#D %#&..". $#! (# .'!
"#!.! %$%##" 4.6($ %#$!%!$!!,%!-%
$%# %."% !!#. 6."O .##.!%#' .%' !%#"
!"($.$% % 1%#&.4.%'#!!% !(6."O( !*$).".4
Método
Fluxo de Temperatura através da Frente Polar
Pacífico Atlântico Índico TOTAL
.%* .
-48±14x10
13
W
.$(D#!H
.* "$63!
(@#$7A
JPOJ8
JP
E 7POJ8
JP
E J9OJ8
JP
E -55x10
13
W
.$(D#!H
.!(#.'!@#$PA
JKOJ8
JP
E J9OJ8
JP
E J7OJ8
JP
E -45x10
13
W
&#"2*2#)$! `9OJ8
JP
E LJOJ8
JP
E ``OJ8
JP
E -225,5x10
13
W
&#"2*(#"#"
#!.(D !
`-7OJ8
JP
E 9-POJ8
JP
E `-NOJ8
JP
E -20,8x10
13
W
D# .*S JJOJ8
JP
E -
6#-%.!(F%! )#!$#! .#!(#!-
%."3(/"#"(%#&.(%#( "0%'! W%#
#.,%#!".H$)$'($]@WA". #6.O %#
'".+ @EA4 ( /" W"#(%# # '!S 6( ! %#!6! %
( .$(D#! ( !($#%# $ 6."O .- %."3(/"
JPK
)#!$"("($$.!($#%#2#.6."O46/aF%!(! )#!
"% %#&.%'!$)O!(#!# ]$ ! 1
(! ('%!#" $! 6."O #($#" 2 $ # '! %
".# ( . $(D#!4 .D( !- ( # '! @EA $"!
$% F%! ( (2 ( . $(D#!- %/"%# '! ".
#6.O %# '".+@A$"!$% F%!(%#%( .
$(D#! 2 % .#!(#!- !% ! "( !($#%# !6%* %
$ 6(* #! )#!4 ".# $%# !% !( /"
)#! '! $)O!( ] ( 6( $#! $
!%#2!.! 2.3%! 6."O(D ! 4&'!". #6.O
%# '".+- % %#%#- (( 6!(* % $ 6!#4 (
!%#!'* !!'! $#!".(%# $ 6(* )#! D
%0!$%6!(#+!$)#4
(%#!2"!* )#!$6."O #($#"#D %#
&.#.!(!# (%# "0-%'! W%#%#.,%#!".-
"#6%X(%%'06! (# #"% %#%# %#4 !
!% -(%+0)#!"% %#&.%".# !(".*-"#
6%X(% $%0.$.6."O #($#"('% !*$!.
! %! % !'(?(.. 6!'"NP4.D( !-6# ($!*
( ($ .* "$63! (%%#&.-!"%
.#!(#! $ #D.!# ".# !(".*- % $%#( (
(!%%# !% ! $!2!.! !2!.! ($# $ %
$$'% 4
6(-2"(#!#!% .".% ".!
64'"!% #2.+ ?"'+et al.@JLLLA-"$(/"6"%!%(
"('"! % 2Y2#)$!$$'% (!%#*(6."O
(D !4 %.!( !%! $$'% $. %# &. %
.#!(#!- 2( /" 6/aF%! (!%%# @0,0427 rad/diaA $O!(
/".2#! $( 2#)$!Jv( 2.3%!$#!
6"% !7&@0,04593 rad/diaA4#!% !/"$ (!##"#"
#!.1% 2 4(( 2#)$!$% KMi !,%!
##. ."% m0'"% 6"% !-$O!(*$"(% 2#)$!
JP`
D%! #!6#)!4.D( !-'"!% $$#$ ?"'+ @JLL`A
^"% "@JLL8A-.* !$ "(% 2Y2#)$!!%#'!%
(6."O(D !$ "#!.! $%#% (.'"(#3#!'!
% .4
!(-$.!* /"* !$@PMA$(!#!"($.!
6($!(%# % % 2Y@!'4`NA#D
%(.! .* "$63! (-(#% (#)#0 6!%! %
'! !O 4($!(%# % .! $'! %#
&. ~571,8 ± 185 km-#% ((!.$!!
2#! $#! %0.!$#! '!SW@KM-PNvEN9-JJvEKM-N`v
NL-LJvA E @J7-Kv7L-9MvNL-97vN9-K9vA F%! )#!
@2478A-$#! 2#! ".# 6."O #($#"#D
%#&.%".# !(".*@!'4NP24J9A4!".# !% !(
/"- 6#-% 2Y"(%#!#"!%#!($#%# !2!.!
.%' %#&.4
#!2"3('% !*$!. #3#! % 2Y-
2 %.#!(#!-%%"#.1#F6#5
J% "(!#( W#6'(%# -'% !*$!.
.! 6."O(D !@UA6(/".! 2 $$'*
@U-cA$"#(2D('% !*4.D( !-%/a%# !#!2"!*!'".
!.+(%# 6."O(D !6(/"F%! ( .!(!#$"
((#3#!6'(%# -6#% #(2D(2#6#!@βeA%/"*
!$ % 2Y@/4P9A4##!$ !%#*6!#" $#!
.#!(#!$?"'+@JLL`A$!6!(%#$'! 4
7 !* .!! 6"% .%' %# &. 6#
#3#! % 2Y2#)$!-O$$./"* !$@PMA-
#D !* ! 6(* 2Y@RdA.%' (!%+
$$'* #4
P( !"#! $.]@JL97A^!..[#+et al. (JLLMA-#!% $ (
."! ( /" %.!%! #%+( "( $$. !($#%#4 %#%#-
'"% #"#-#.6#$$"!"(6!#(%/"/"%#!-
$#!".(%#$% .%'(2 %$%##2.+4
JPM
%0.!$#! ".# !(".*%"(D!(#""(#"#"
6'(%# $"(% 2Y(.+%#12 % .#!(#!-
( $%* "( $ '! $$'* 2( #2.! 4 .
#3#! 6'(%# - $!%!$.(%#- 1 $%* W# (U.#!$.
%#!#"!% !(". 46(-(%##2 %
.#!(#!-%$" (!!2!.! 1$$'* % 2Y%
".# !(".*%"(D!4
#".(%#-( !"#!% $! ( ./"%.(
!2!.! (.($ "!$!%!$!6%X(%/"#"(2
6."O . % % "#.- #D "#!.!* $(#!*S4
".# 2#! %$3#".N-("#!.!* ( .$(D#!2
%#2.+ ?..[Y@JL9`A !2]et al.@JLLLA-!% !(/"-%+%
%(.! .*#"#"#!.(D !-$ #!(6."O
. ! 1 #!! (.4 ".# 2#! $#!
$(#!* $$# $ ?..[Y @JL9`A (#( $#!".(%#
!%#%#-!% !% /""(2(%+!(%# ($ %(.! .*
$ +$2#!(#! 6."O .4 -($!%3$!-
6# $#"2*#!%'!$6"% ! $'%(!#!# 4
%#%#- #! ( . $(D#! 6.+ % /" ! $!# 1
!#!2"!*#!. 6."O #($#"4.D( !-((#(".#
$3#". 9- "%!( %(.! .* #($#" (
"$63!%+!(%# #"#"#!.-W"%#(%#"!*''06!-
$ (.". !#(%#6."O #($#"46(-( .'(
($"#!%."'("($ 6(%#$#" #"#"#!.
$#"2*- 6%% "( 2 ($#3. ( $ 2 %
.! 4
&#%#- ($%+(%# %0.! $#D!# !('% .*
"$63! ( #D %!(%# (# (# !($#%# $
%#% !(%# !2!.! 6."O #($#"$.$#"2*S4!!% -
#D%! !(!.* #! (( .%"(D! %"#.
#(.+!'%!6!#!1$! #($%##(! !%!
.$*"$! D.". %-(.+% $%#* D.".
JP9
.!(%#(! !%.4.(%#-2(".# .%* $.$.!*
#D%! .*S%# 2#! #D #D.!##"#"#!.-
$ %! "( !% !#! $! # ( #%(!#! 6(
/" !%6(*2#! %"$63! ($#%# ."% m0'"4
&(%("(."%$%+! ! %#!6!*(! #.+
$%#!#"!%# !2!.! "!%6."F%!!% !! "!26."O
.4$ ($(%$%##2.+!($#,%! $$'*
)#! % 2Y .%' $. %# &.- % +'( $%#
.".("%#!2"!*S!% !! "!$6."O .4
!#2.+(!% "("(%#%%'!!%D#!#"2".%#
"(%#2 %U.#!(P8%%#% %#2"$63!
%"#.-'"% +($%_.(%@7887A4%##!#2.+- (
!# !#+_?''@788`A?'' et al.@7889A/".!'("(%#%
%'!!%D#! #"2".%# (! 6."O . $ ".4?'' et al. @7889A
.!% #! #% F%! 1 (! #($#" 2 % ."% m0'"
%"#.$<!..@7887A46#-<!..@7887A (%#-#D
2#! $#! ! .'%'% @QAutonomous Lagrangian
Circulation ExplorerTA *S +! '06!-"( "(%# 8-JMv%
#($#"%#$6"% ! M88JJ88(-(!/"(D !$#%#
%("% !.'"% "#4.%! *%6!-%##%#-%."!(
.*6."O .$". !#( !%,(! - ! 6#
$" ! #( . ". %#&.4%#(%#-$!%#..
@7889A%.!% $6! #($#" %#!# ] %U.#!( P`%
+'""(#% F%!(.+%# /"!(%# 0'"$6"% 2 $
<!..@7887A-#% 6 "#" W"#(%#% !! 0 #" (2
%%#&.4
6(-W"%#(%# (".# ( ./"'#)6!
?'' et al.@7889A- ".# <!.. @7887A $!%#.. @7889A $ (
%#% ! ("(!% !* !($#,%! !2!.! % * 0'"
!"($.#D - 6"%!%% ( . .!'* %# (!
#%S %#2"$63! %"#."(%# #($#"
2 %% 6(* B'" "% %#0#!4$%##6*
JPL
#!6%6(%#$($%+(%# !%6."F%! !2!.!
2 6."O . #D 4 (D# /"! ($' $%#(
".# %#%#!-##% $#%!.$.!* ( .$(D#!
W"%#( .%"(D! 2!O."*$2#%* 6."O .-.D(
#2. (D# .*S ( "( $ 6(%# $
($%+(%# ."* #($. 6."O #($#" $#!
!%6(*S6%! #D %!(%#(#4
JN8
11 - REFERÊNCIAS
-Z44-<^-4&4-^-&44-^&-44
788N4Q#!.#+(+.!%#"#"-[#(-% .'.6%#!%
#+ "#+[# #.%#! % %!'+2!%' %##! [# T4 Physical
Oceanography-.4JN-%dP-$$4J`JJM74
-4--4-?-4--4788P4Q##!%'
% #]!%'6(.%!6#"!%#+!(!$Y%.!".#!%
% .T4%5Proceedings of the 3
rd
IASTED International Conference on
Visualization, Imaging and Image Processing- $$4 J`LJMN- %.( %-
$%+4
^- 4- ?E- <4- E- 4- - 4- ^Z- ^4-
?<-^478874Q?Y2! !%#% .@?ZAHm
%".4 !%74848J-%".!%74848JT4
^-E44JLLJ4Q+<#%Y.#T4 Oceanography-.4N-%d7-$$4
ML9L4
Z- ?4 4 JLML4 Q&.[ +# 6."O % %!% 6 !.2. $#%#!.
%'Y!%]&'T4Journal of Marine Research4.4PM-$$4J774
?-44-?I-4<4JLL`4Q<.2.2#!%6%!2Y
ET4Science-.47M7-$$47PN7P94
?- 4 4- :^- 4 4- ?I- 4 <4 JLL94 Q<'$+!.
!2!.!#Y 6 #+ 6!# 2.!%! 2Y !" 6 6(#!%T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.479-$$4NPPN`84
?-44-?I-4<4--44-:^-44788`4
Q<.2. 2#!%6 [#[ %'Y$$'#!% !%#+ %5 2Y
E %%.!% !gT %5 AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts- 7M $-
%!-4
JNJ
?-44-?I-4<4--44-:^-44788M4
Q<.2.2#!%6.'%! !T4 Geophysical Research Letters-
.4PN-JK`8`4
-44-?&-4E4478894Q2#!%6.'.%
#($+!%##!%!%#+"#+%+(!$+T4Journal of Climate4.47J-
$$4J7NNJ7KL4
^-44JL974Q+ Y%(!6.'.-[!% !%!#!%!%#+
%##!!"($."%#T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4J7-$$4
J8L7JJ8K4
^<?- 4 4- <<<- E4 E4- - 4 78884 Q%. Y. 6
$+$+#!%#+$%%T4Deep-Sea Research I-NM@7A-$$4JKLJMK4
<?-44788K4Q"#+%%!".#!%T4Archives of natural history-
.4P7@7A-$$47`K7984
:- 4- ?- 4 788`4 Q+ $#!#!%!%' 6 $.[ +# #%$#
2#[%#+#($+% %T4Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences-.4
`P@KA-$$4JNL9JKJJ4
:^-44--44JL9J4Q+ #!6."O6+#2Y(%
'#$+!(#!%!%#+"#+%%T4Deep-Sea Research-.479-$$4
J8KMJ89K4
-^4JLMM4Q++Y Y%(!"'+%6#+"6#.[[!%
$ T4Meteor Forsch.-Ergebnisse-.4J7-$$4J8JK4
?-44788K4QE+###+"6 Y."O!%#+"#+%
%gTJournal of Physical Oceanography-.4PK-$$47JK77J``4
Z-44JLNL4Q%'[% Y.%[T4Tellus-.4J@PA-$$4PPK74
E- 4 4- - ?4 4 78894 Q($.O %.Y! #+ #
$# #$! % .!%! .!#Y #"#" !% +..[ E#T4
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology-.47K-$$498997J4
JN7
Z- E4 4- ?&- 4 4 788N4 Data Analysis Methods in Physical
Oceanography – Second and Revised Edition4 (# %- ?.% - 4
.!4
:-4--<44JLLN4Q%#!%""!(!.#!%6<# #!%##+
!(%!%. $!(!#! /"#!% <".6 #( ( .T4 Journal of Physical
Oceanography-.47N-$$49P79NM4
:-4--<44JLLM4Q#!(!.#!%O$!(%#!%#+<".6#(
'!%5 ?[ "6". #..!# ! "6 # 6 %[#!%' #+
"2"66!. gT Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, v.4JN-
$$4JPMLJPLJ4
I- 4 4- ?- ^4- - 4 4- E- 4 4 78884 Q.#!(#
!(!.#!%!%#+'.2.( .H#[!%O$!(%#T4Journal
of Marine Systems-.47`-$$4P8PP774
<&4JLLJ4Q% Y.!%'( .6#+"#+%%T4 EOS4$$4
M7@JKA-J`LJMK4
Z-44-^-44788M4Q+.6$.[ !%#%!6Y!%'[!% %#+
"#+%%[(!%'T4Journal of Climate-.478-$$4KPLJKN884
<I-478894Estudo numérico dos meandros e vórtices da Corrente do Brasil
entre 22S e 30S4 "# 4%!! . ! %!4
! %!--!.4
<<-4--&4-E-44788N4Q+%##!!"($.
"%# !% /"!.!2!"(T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography- .4 PN- $$4
JKMJJK9M4
<?- 4- E?- 4 78884 Q($ #!(# 6 '.2. %
!".#!%-+##%$#% (!O!%'6(+Y '$+! #T4 Nature4.4
N89-$$4NKPNKM4
JNP
<-&44-E-44JLL84Q$Y%.!O!%'!%%!".#!%
.T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.478-$$4JK8JKK4
<<-44--44JL974Q+%##!!"($."%#% #+
%!+#% 6+[#2" '#T4Journal of Marine Research4.4N8-$$4
J9PJLM4
<-44JL974Atmosphere-Ocean Dynamics4.% -- (!&4
<-44JLLN4Q%"6+!'+#6#+%##!!"($."%#
6(<# #5#+ % $$.!#!%T4Journal of Physical Oceanography.
.4LL-$$4J97KKJ97MP4
<-4478874QE(!%'6#+"#+%%!%JLK8T4Science-.47LK-
$$4J7MKJ7MM4
<-44788P4Q.#2#!%6#+"#+%%4 Y."OT4
Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4PP-$$4JJ97JJL`4
<-44-Z-?4E4JLMK4Q?#% .#2.%[!#+!%#+. [#
6 #+ [. %T4 %5 Numerical Models of Ocean Circulation- #!%.
(Y6!%-E+!%'#%-$$4KNK`4
<^-44--44JLLP4QE ..<Y5#"#"6#+#%
2"% YT4Deep-Sea Research I-.4N8-%dP-$$4K`JK974
<- 4- c- 4 78894 Q!(".#!% 6 #+ #.%#! (! !%.
#"%!%'!".#!%!%%#($+%'.2."$. ( .4
[]%!%'!%.!(#+%'O$!(%#56 2](+%!(T4 Climate
Dynamics-.4P8-$$49PJ9NN4
<-444JLM84Q%6$$#!6#+.'. !% #+'%.
!".#!%6#+#($+T4Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological
Society-.4L`-%dN89-$$4JKMJ9K4
JNN
?-4--4JL9P4Q(.(%#+.Y[!% ##+
[. %[!#+#!(#T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4JP-
$$4J8LPJJ8N4
?-44-?-4478894Q%"6%!%#!Y.%! !!%
#+<".66.]T4Deep-Sea Research I-.4KK-$$4J`PJM`4
?<<-44-?-4&4--44-E-478894Q Y+#
6."O!%#+"#+%%5$%#!2.[!% 6!%'T4 Journal of
Climate-.47J-$$4`89`784
?EZ-<4-^-4JL9N4Q#!!%'% #%$#6#6!.
2Y'#$+!#"2".%T4Journal of Fluid Mechanics-.4JNJ-$$47MK84
?EZ- <4 JL9`4 Q#!(#!% 6 %! Y #%$# 6( #..!#
.#!(#YT4Nature-.4P7P-$$47NP7NN4
?<?- 4 4- ?- 4 4- - 4 4- ?- 4-
^<-4-^-^4@ 4A4JLL`4 Climate change 1995: the
science of climate change: contribution of working group I to the second
assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
(2! '-%'.#-(2! '%!!#Y&4
?Z- 4- E^Z- 4- Z- &4 4- - 4 4 JL9M4 Q"%#
!. /"%Y % 2Y !! !% #+ "#+ #.%#!T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.4JM-$$4J`JLJ`7`4
?<-4I4-E<-E4--44788`4Q .!2!.!#Y6[!% %'Y
!%$"###+[. %T4Deep-Sea Research II-.4KP-$$4PJNJ4
?<?- 4 E4 JLL`4 Q+ %##! !"($. "%# E'"! 6
2YET4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.47`-$$4JP`MKJP9M4
?<?-4E4-?-4&4-?ZE-^44JLLL4QE!% !%#%$#
6."#"#!%#+"'+]&'5"#+%( T4 Journal of Physical
Oceanography, .47L-$$4JLMJJLL74
JNK
?Z-788M-%!(!.#!<.2.!(".#!%@8JG788P#8NG788MA-†%.!%‡
!$%3. ! EEE4 5
+##$5GG+Y(4$46"4 "G #G'.2C!(".#!%4+#(.4
&4788M5.!(#+%'788M5"((Y6&.!Y(]4&4
-4-<- 4--4788`4Q#! 6#+
!#%% 5 % .#!(#! $$#!T4 Journal of Physical
Oceanography-.4P`@JA-$$49MJ8P4
^?-44-?-44--<44-?Z-4^4JLL94
Q($!!.#+'%.6"%#!%%.Y!6%"6"%#"!%'($.O
% .#(#+ T4Journal of the Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology-
.4JK-$$4L7MLNJ4
^&- 4 JLL94 $# !".* "$6!!. % %# &. %#0#!
. $ ! # $#D.!#4%5IX Simpósio Brasileiro de
Sensoriamento Remoto-JJJ9 #(2 JLL9-%#-&-%!
4
^-4?4-?-478874Q%#"#!%'#+! ".!".#!%6#+
6( 2#!%T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography- .4 P7- $$4
PPJKPP7M4
^-4-?EZ-<4JL994#!(#!%'"#+%% Y6."O6+#%
.#6(#..!#.#!(#Y4Nature-.4PP7-`7N`7K4
^E?-&44JLML4Q%#+$$'#!%6#2.2.!%!2Y[
#+"'+(%+6.[T4Deep-Sea Research-.47`-$$4LL9J8PJ4
^E?-&44-?-44JLLN4Q$Y%.((%#"(2" '#6#+
%##! !"($. "%# !% #+ !% ."#!% %##! .T4
Journal of Physical Oceanography-.47N-$$4J78JJ77P4
JN`
^E?-&44-?-4-:^-44JLLM4Q+$ 6
2 % #+#!. .%' O##$!. $.%#Y [T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.47M-$$4JLN`JL``4
^^-4JL9K4Q%.Y!6#+%#.]&'"%#6(^
MLT4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4JK-$$4799H7L94
^^-478894("%!*$.4
^<-44-Z-4-?&-&4-?<-4-^-4-E<-4
788N4 Q<.2. &! % "%- .!(#.'!. !%'T4 †%.!%‡5
+##$5GG.!(#4'("4 "G$! %G".#CJ4+#(
^-&4--44-?-44JLMK4Q . ($!#!%6#+.!#Y
6!. %#+'%#T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4K-$$4
`9PM8N4
^-&4- - 4 4JLM`4 Q( #+ !(%!%. +#!#! 6 .[
6/"%Y "%# 6."#"#!% % #+ '% #T4 Journal of Physical
Oceanography-.4`-$$4J9JJLL4
^-&4JLL84Fluid Mechanics-%!'-- (!&%44
-4?4-&^Z-4788N4Q+!%#2!.!#Y62Y2!%( %
#+ %! Y 6!. T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography- .4 PN- $$4
787M78NJ4
- E4- <- ?4 78894 Q%.Y! 6 #+ $W# '!%. !
+%' !% #+ "#+% % "!%' #+ #[%#Y6!# %#"YT4 Climate
Dynamics-.4P8-$$4KLM`4
-Z44-?^-4^4-&-4-<-4788M4Q%W#-
(.!2!.!#Y% Y((%#"(6."O!%#+"6.Y6#+
%##! !"($. "%#T4 Journal of Marine Research- .4 `K- $$4
7MK94
JNM
-Z44-?^-4^4-&-478894Q($!%'#!(#6#+
%##! !"($. "%# #(.!% !% ] &'T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.4P9@KA-$$4J888J8J84
:-44-?-44788J4Q Y%.6.[6 2]!%#+"#+%
?(!$+T4Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences-.4K9-$$4PPJ7PP7M4
-44-?-44--44--44JLL94Q<.2.
Y.!%' % !(".#!% !% 2Y JL9KJLLN #($+! [!% T4
Journal of Geophysical Research,.4J8P-$$4P897KP89KP4
?-4--4--?4-E<E-4JLLP4Q&#%#!.
#!!#Y%#!%%#+Y%(!% ?Y '$+Y6#+"#+%%T4
Journal of Physical Oceanography-.47P-$$4N`KN9M4
-44--44--44788M4Q%#+#.-%-%
Y?#% +[#%$#!%#+"#+%?(!$+6ˆdOˆd
<.2.% .T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4PM-$$47MM7LK4
?-4&4-EE?-&44-?<?-4E4-&-4788N4
Q+%'!%#+%#%$##+"'#+]&' "!%'#+JL98%
JLL8-6 2Y+'!%#+"#+%%%". T4Geophysical Research
Letters-.4PJ-7JP8K4
?-4&4-?<<-44788`4T!"($.$%6"#+%%
Y #!!#Y # +%' !% #+ "#+% %%". T4 Geophysical
Research Letters-.4PP-J``89- !5J84J87LG788`<87JJ`L4
-4--4-?-4--4788`4Q+$
%.Y!%$#!#($.#]!%'6(. !!%!(!$Y%!
!%#% .T4%5 Proceedings of the Third Sysmposium on 3D
Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission. +$.?!..-.
-4- -44788N4Q(#+"#+%%##+#+#.%#!!%#+
](%.YgT Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society-.49K- $$4
ML9M4
JN9
E-4E44-^^-44JL9`4Q+&+Y!6#+%##!!"($.
"%#T-Review of Geophysics-7N-$$4N`LNLJ4
^- 4 JLM84 Q?!%#. !$!% 6 6.#2. $#!. !% #+ !!%!#Y 6
.!#Y!%'".!#Y"+%'%T4 Deep-Sea Research-.4JM-$$4
NNKNKN4
-4-<^-4--<4-?-4JLL74Q?Y '$+!#.
6#+"#+%%T4Alfred Wegener Institut-(+%-.(%+4
- 4- E^- 4- ‰^- 4- E‰- 4 788N4 Q+ Y%(!.
2.%- #%$# % !".#!% 6 #+ %##! !"($. "%#T4
Antarctic Science-J`@NA-$$4NPLNM84
-4?4-?-4?4JLM`4Q%#+2 %%".Y.!%#+
%#($+?#.%#+#+%?(!$+T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.4`-$$4M9JMLL4
-4?4-E?E?-4-E-E44JLLK4Q%#+(! !%.
O#%#% 6%#6#+%##!!"($."%#T4Deep-Sea Research I-
.4N7-%dK-$$4`NJ`MP4
-4?4-?-<44--44JLLL4Q!".#!%-(!O!%'-%
$ "#!%6%##!##(E#T4Progress in Oceanography-.4NP-$$4
KKJ8L4
&-4-<Š-Z4--<4--&4Z44788`4Q($
!$#!% 6 #+ % (. !2!.!#Y 2Y (2!%!%' 6" #..!#
.#!(#T4Geophysical Research Letters-.4PP-87`JJ4
&>- 4- &:- 4- - 4 788J4 Q&(#!#!% 6
!$!%!%#[ !(%!%.#"2".%T4 Journal of Fluid Mechanics-.4
NPL-$$47MLP8P4
JNL
&-4^44788`4Distribuição, mistura e variabilidade das massas de água
profundas do Mar de Weddell, Antártica4!#* # 4"% *
%!! . !<% 4!<% --!.4
&?&-?44--4478884Q Y!2!.!#Y% %'#!6(!#
"%# "(%# !% #+ %##! !"($. "%# "#+ 6
"#.!T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4P8-$$4P8K8P8M`4
&-4-?ZE-^4--4-^<-4-<-44788K4
Q+"6"..%$#+%#%%".!2!.!#Y!%]&'T4
CLIVAR Exchanges-.4J8@NA-$$47M7L4
-478874Q%!".#!%% .!(# "!%'#+$#J784888YT4
Nature-.4NJL-$$478M7JN4
?-&4 478894 Q%#+ +!#Y 6 (! !%.#"%!%' !".#!%
+(#! !'(T4Progress in Oceanography-.4M`-$$4N``N9`4
<-4--44-^-44--4--Z4-
<-E44-<-478894Q%#%##!!(.
6( !%#6(#Y% '!%..!(#( .!%'T4Nature Geoscience-
!5J84J8P9G%'J874
-44-?<?-4E4_-4788J4Q+%##!!"($.
"%#Y#(T4%5Ocean Circulation and Climate,%#%#!%.<$+Y!
!-.4MM-$$47MJP8J4
-4?4-?:-4788N4Q(% Y%(!#$'$+Y($"# #+
[. % 6( .#!(#Y- !% !#" ("(%#- % '! ( .T4 J.
Geophysical Research-.4J8L- !5J84J87LG788P88777`4
c- 4 4- &- ^4- E- 4 78894 Q$% 6 #+ %##!
!"($."%###($+!!2!.!#YT4Journal of Climate-.47J-$$4
P878P8PL4
JK8
&4 788`5 G ?% 2]5 @A % @A .
!(% .Y !(& "#4(%!..#'%G%*4
?:4-E44JLLK4Q%#+!%#2!%.#+(+.!%!".#!%T4Reviews
in Geophysics-.4PP-$$4JKJJMP4
-44-^-4&4--&4?4-E-4478894Q.#!
.6.!(#%!#!!#Y% 6!%'!% 6!%!%'#+%!".#!%$%
#.!(#+%'T4Climate Dynamics-.4P8-$$4NNJNKN4
-44-?-44JLL74Q%'%.!".#!%6('.2.
Y.!%' ( .T4 Journal of Geophysical Research- .4 LM- $$4
KNLPKKK84
?- 4 4- ?- ?4 4- - 4 4- E- 4 4-
?-44788K4QJGP7d.#!('.2.%$ !#!%% ."
JGJ`d."#!%T4Journal of Marine Systems-.4`K-$$4P7`4
-4-^<-44788N4Q<.2.% +(!$+!!#!%66#!%'#+
"#+%%T4Antarctic Science-.4J`-%dN-$$4N8JNJP4
- 4 4- <- 4 4- :<- 4 4- ?<- &4 4-
?-?44-?-44-E-44-?<-4&4
78894 Q+ JGJ7 '.2. ?Z .#!( %[#G6# Y#(T4 %5
%!%#!%'2##]4.% --7M*4
Z-44--478884Q#!(#6' !$Y%.6."O
6( 2!%. 2" '#T. Journal of Physical Oceanography, .4 P8- $$4
7P787PNJ4
Z-44JLLM4The Circulation of the Southern Ocean and the adjacent ocean
basins determined by inverse methods. "# - G%!!#Y
6(%!4(,%!-"#0.!4
JKJ
Z-44--4788J4Q+"#+%%!(26#+<.2.$
#"%!%' !".#!%T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography- .4 PJ- $$4
JNPJMP4
Z-44--4788J24Q!".#!%-%[.-% !6!#!%6
%##! % %#( !#E#T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography-
.4PJ-$$4J88KJ8P84
- 4 4- ?- ?4 4- :<- 4 4- ?- 4 4-
?-44-E-44-^-44788P4Q%$#!%.
Y.!%'JGJ`d'.2.%%[#G6#Y#(T4Journal of Marine
Systems-N8HNJ-$$4PNJP`J4
&- ^4- - 4 4- Z- 4 78884 Q+ !2#! % ..T4
Journal of Physical Oceanography-.4P8-$$4P7J7P7774
&-478894Q%'#(#% % !%#%%".!2!.!#Y6#($#"!%
]&'T4Progress in Oceanography-.4MM-$$4PJ`PP84
-4JLLM4Q<.2.+#!#!6%!2!.!#Y #!(# 6(
'!%.&IG&.#!(#"(%#T4 Journal of Physical
Oceanography-.47M-$$4JMNPJM`L4
-4JLL94Q% Y+#!#!- Y%$#-% %.[
&$#!T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.479-$$4M7MMPL4
-?4--44JL`84Q%#+2Y.!".#!%6#+[. %H
4##!%Y$.%#Y6.[$##%%$+T4Deep-Sea Research I-.4`-
$$4JN8JKN4
-?4--44JL`824Q%#+2Y.!".#!%6#+[. %
H4%! .! ( .6#+!".#!%$##%% ($.!#" !%%!
2!%T4Deep-Sea Research I-.4`-$$47JM7PP4
-&4JLM74Q!($.!6! !#! Y%(!.( .6#+##!#2!.!#Y6
##!%'#($+T4Journal of Atmospheric Sciences-.47L-$$4N8KNJ94
JK7
‰-4-^-44788J4Q . $[#!2!.!#Y!%#+"2#$!.
#.%#!% %#!%!%#+E ..T4Journal of Geophysical Research-
.4J8`-$$477N7K77NN84
-444-<?-44JLLM4Q%.Y!6#+.!#Y6!. !%#+
2!%<".6T4Oceanologica Acta-.47J@JA-$$4NMKM4
&- ?4 4 JLNM4 QE!% !% "%# !% 2.!%! %5 E!#+
$$.!#!%##+/"#!."%#6#+#%&!6!T4Geophysics-.4PP-
$$4PJ9P7`4
Z-44788P4Q+..[-%#( !#-% $#"%!%'($%%#6
#+ <.2. ?# " '#T4 Journal of Physical Oceanography- .4 PP- $$4
KP8K`84
Z-?4E4-<-44--4JLM94Q.!(#!+#!#!6
#+%##!&.%#%T4Journal of Geophysical Research-.49P-$$4
NKM7NKM94
?&-4E44-E-4478884Q%%".( !%#+O##$!.
!".#!%4%#+#(%#+!2!.!#YT4Journal of Climate-.JP-$$4
J888J8J`4
?&-4E44-E-44-?<-<4478884Q%%".( !%
#+O##$!.!".#!%4% T4 Journal of Climate-.4JP-$$4
J8J9J8P`4
?&- 4 E4 4- - 4 78874 Q%#$##!% 6 %# "#+%
?(!$+.!(#+%'T4Science-.47L`-$$49LK9LL4
<<E-44--4JLLK4Q66#6]&'%#+'.2.
#+(+.!%!".#!%T4Deep-Sea Research I-.4N7-$$4NMMHK884
<-44-E- 44JLL84Q$'$+! !%6."% %[!%
!%##!6! 6.[!%‹$.%+%%.5%! .! ( .6#+%##!
!"($."%#T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.478-$$4P7JPNP4
JKP
?-^44--4<4-<-E4<4JL9L4 A Global Ocean Wind
Stress Climatology Based on ECMWF Analyses4 #+%!. %#-
GPP9…4
?-^44--44788J4Q#!(#6#($+%%+#
%$#T4Journal of Climate-.4JN-$$4PNPPPNNP4
^-4-?-4-?-4JLLM4Q$!6!#!%6 Y%6
66!!%# !% ."#!% % !".#!% .T4 Journal of
Physical Oceanography-.47M-$$4P9JN874
E-4--44-^Z-^44-?<-^44788P4Q?Y2!
!%#% .@?ZAHm<"! T4M`$4
E- 4 JLLJ4 Q+ Y%(! 6 %#$+Y #%6 !% #[ !(%!%.
+Y Y%(!T4Physica D-.4N9-$$47MP7LN4
E?E?-4-4-E-4E44JL9M4QE#(% "%#6#+
"#+%%##+<%[!+! !%T-Journal of Geophysical Research-
.4L7-$$4`N`7`NM`4
E<Z-444788K4Q+.!(#+%'((!#(%#T4Science-.4P8M-$$4
JM``JM`L4
E-4 4--4--4JLLJ4QE!% !%6.[
#$'$+Y !% %. ‹$.% +%%.5 /"!'#$+! ( . 6 #+
%##!!"($."%#T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.47J-$$4
7P`7`N4
E<?-4<4JL9J4Q.!%!%#2!.!#Y!%]&'T4Journal of Physical
Oceanography-.4JJ-$$47PJ7N`4
Z-44-Z-&4^4JLL`4QE!% #("(%#6(#+$%
%T4Journal of Physical Oceanography-.47`-$$4KNJKK94
JKN
12 - ANEXO 1
".# %0.! 6"%*S ($3! #'%! 6."O
#($#".". $#! ".# !(".*(( .
?Z-(#F'!S 6%#$.4
Figura A1. ($!. 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#KPvN`vE-
.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
Figura A2. $##($! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#KPv
N`vE-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4.!%+#W ".
.$%#(%.#)! LKi4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !
@ G !A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+M4
JKK
Figura A3. $#$!! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#KPv
N`vE-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4 !6%#"
(#$#$$6"% ! %#"$63!KK88(- J88(4!O 2!
$% 1 !#!2"!* %U( % @](
J
A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(
W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+P4
Figura A4. ($!. 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#NJv79vE-
.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
JK`
Figura A5. $##($! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#NJv
79vE-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4.!%+#W ".
.$%#(%.#)! LKi4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !
@ G !A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+M4
Figura A6. $#$!! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#NJv
79vE-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4 !6%#"
(#$#$$6"% ! %#"$63!KK88(- J88(4!O 2!
$% 1 !#!2"!* %U( % @](
J
A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(
W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+P4
JKM
Figura A7. ($!. 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#JP-Kv7Kv-
.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4
Figura A8. $##($! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#JP-Kv
7Kv-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4.!%+#W ".
.$%#(%.#)! LKi4!O 6/aF%!#$%# ( !%$ !
@ G !A4&%6* $#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+M4
JK9
Figura A9. $#$!! 6."O #($#"#D %#&.-%#JP-Kv
7Kv-.". $#! ".# !(".*(( .?Z4 !6%#
"(#$#$$6"% ! %#"$63!KK88(- J88(4!O
2!$% 1 !#!2"!* %U( % @](
J
A4&%6*
$#6!"#!.! "(W%. #!$+%%!%' #(%+P4
JKL
Livros Grátis
( http://www.livrosgratis.com.br )
Milhares de Livros para Download:
Baixar livros de Administração
Baixar livros de Agronomia
Baixar livros de Arquitetura
Baixar livros de Artes
Baixar livros de Astronomia
Baixar livros de Biologia Geral
Baixar livros de Ciência da Computação
Baixar livros de Ciência da Informação
Baixar livros de Ciência Política
Baixar livros de Ciências da Saúde
Baixar livros de Comunicação
Baixar livros do Conselho Nacional de Educação - CNE
Baixar livros de Defesa civil
Baixar livros de Direito
Baixar livros de Direitos humanos
Baixar livros de Economia
Baixar livros de Economia Doméstica
Baixar livros de Educação
Baixar livros de Educação - Trânsito
Baixar livros de Educação Física
Baixar livros de Engenharia Aeroespacial
Baixar livros de Farmácia
Baixar livros de Filosofia
Baixar livros de Física
Baixar livros de Geociências
Baixar livros de Geografia
Baixar livros de História
Baixar livros de Línguas
Baixar livros de Literatura
Baixar livros de Literatura de Cordel
Baixar livros de Literatura Infantil
Baixar livros de Matemática
Baixar livros de Medicina
Baixar livros de Medicina Veterinária
Baixar livros de Meio Ambiente
Baixar livros de Meteorologia
Baixar Monografias e TCC
Baixar livros Multidisciplinar
Baixar livros de Música
Baixar livros de Psicologia
Baixar livros de Química
Baixar livros de Saúde Coletiva
Baixar livros de Serviço Social
Baixar livros de Sociologia
Baixar livros de Teologia
Baixar livros de Trabalho
Baixar livros de Turismo
