Guedes 17
evil or powerless and is intended to justify the origin of evil in men’s choice. Philosophy of
religion advocates that free will, the right to choose, solves this dilemma by placing the origin
of evil in men’s turning away from God. The fact that evil stems from the choice of not to
do good implies that evil has no nature or essence, but is merely absence of goodness or
God. In this sense, the problem of evil is clarified in the Christian tradition. An example of
this idea appears in Augustine of Hippo, one of the Church Fathers.
Augustine supports the claim that evil is attached to reason rather than nature be-
cause evil is a choice and does not lie in one’s nature. In City of God, he defines evil as a per-
version. For him, evil does not exist as an entity or in essence but is rather the absence of
goodness, “good may exist on its own but evil cannot” (474). Wherever good is not, there is
evil. Because God, the supreme good, created men, their nature could not be evil. “No na-
ture is contrary to God; but a perversion, being evil, is contrary to good” (474). Perversion or
evil actions only appear whenever one consciously chooses not to do good. Evil results from
the choice not to aspire to the supreme good, that is, God. Evil is the turning away from
Him. If the cause of evil lied in human nature, God would be to blame for such failure in
men as their creator. Nonetheless, God, as the supreme good, is blameless. Thus, the only
source for men’s wickedness is the turning towards themselves, away from Him. When men
prefer themselves to God, perversion takes place. Thus, for Augustine, reason determines an
evil action and not any type of nature.
Religious belief undergoes deep questioning from the mid-Victorian period onwards.
At this time, the Church of England was already divided into Low, Broad, and High Church.
The Low Church, also known as the Evangelicals, defended strict Christian morality and a
Puritanical code. Powerful in the beginning of the century, it shares this view with several
groups that do not belong to the Church of England, such as the Nonconformists, or Dis-
senters, which include Baptists, Methodists, Congregationalists, and other Protestant de-
nominations. The High Church, like the Catholic Church, teaches the importance of tradi-
tion, ritual, and authority. Some members of the High Church propagated their arguments in